Graphite ndi allotrope ya elemental carbon, pomwe atomu iliyonse ya kaboni imazunguliridwa ndi maatomu ena atatu a kaboni (opangidwa mu zisa ngati pateni yokhala ndi ma hexagon angapo) omwe amalumikizana mwamphamvu kuti apange mamolekyu ogwirizana.

Graphite ili ndi zotsatirazi zapadera chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake apadera:

1) Kukana kutentha kwakukulu: Malo osungunuka a graphite ndi 3850 ± 50 ℃, ndipo malo otentha ndi 4250 ℃.Ngakhale atawotchedwa ndi ultra-high kutentha kwa arc, kulemera kwake kumakhala kochepa kwambiri, ndipo coefficient of thermal expansion ndi yochepa kwambiri.Mphamvu ya graphite imawonjezeka ndi kutentha, ndipo pa 2000 ℃, mphamvu ya graphite imawirikiza kawiri.

2) Conductivity ndi matenthedwe matenthedwe: The conductivity wa graphite ndi nthawi zana kuposa mchere wamba sanali zitsulo.The matenthedwe conductivity kuposa zipangizo zitsulo monga chitsulo, chitsulo, ndi lead.The matenthedwe madutsidwe amachepetsa ndi kuwonjezeka kutentha, ndipo ngakhale pa kutentha kwambiri, graphite amakhala insulator.Graphite imatha kuyendetsa magetsi chifukwa atomu iliyonse ya kaboni mu graphite imangopanga zomangira zitatu zolumikizana ndi ma atomu ena a kaboni, ndipo atomu iliyonse ya kaboni imakhalabe ndi elekitironi imodzi yaulere kuti isamutsidwe.

3) Lubricity: Kupaka mafuta kwa graphite kumadalira kukula kwa ma graphite flakes.Kukula kwa flakes, kumachepetsa kugundana kwa coefficient, ndipo kumapangitsa kuti mafuta aziyenda bwino.

4) Kukhazikika kwa Chemical: Graphite imakhala ndi kukhazikika kwamankhwala kutentha kwa firiji, ndipo imatha kupirira acid, alkali, ndi organic zosungunulira dzimbiri.

5) Pulasitiki: Graphite imakhala yolimba bwino ndipo imatha kupangidwa kukhala mapepala owonda kwambiri.

6) Kutentha kwamphamvu kwamphamvu: Graphite imatha kupirira kutentha kwakukulu popanda kuwonongeka ikagwiritsidwa ntchito kutentha.Kutentha kukasintha mwadzidzidzi, voliyumu ya graphite sisintha kwambiri ndipo sichitha.

Kagwiritsidwe:
1. Ntchito ngati zinthu refractory: Graphite ndi mankhwala ake ndi katundu kukana kutentha ndi mkulu mphamvu.Amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka m'makampani opanga zitsulo kupanga ma graphite crucibles.Popanga zitsulo, graphite imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira yotetezera zitsulo zachitsulo komanso ngati ng'anjo yazitsulo.

2. Monga zinthu zoyendetsera: zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'makampani amagetsi kupanga maelekitirodi, maburashi, ndodo za carbon, machubu a carbon, ma electrode abwino a mercury rectifiers, ma graphite gaskets, mbali za telefoni, zokutira zamachubu a TV, ndi zina zotero.

3. Monga mafuta osamva kuvala: Graphite imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mafuta opangira makina.Mafuta opaka mafuta nthawi zambiri sangagwiritsidwe ntchito mothamanga kwambiri, kutentha kwambiri, komanso kupanikizika kwambiri, pomwe zida zosagwirizana ndi ma graphite zimatha kugwira ntchito popanda mafuta opaka mafuta pa liwiro lalikulu lotsetsereka pa kutentha kwa 200-2000 ℃.Zida zambiri zomwe zimanyamula zowononga zowononga zimagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri zida za graphite kupanga makapu a pistoni, mphete zomata, ndi mayendedwe, zomwe sizimafunikira kuwonjezera mafuta opaka pakugwira ntchito.Emulsion ya graphite ndi mafuta abwino opangira zitsulo zambiri (kujambula kwawaya, kujambula chubu).
4. Graphite ali ndi kukhazikika kwa mankhwala.Mwapadera kukonzedwa graphite, ndi makhalidwe monga dzimbiri kukana, madutsidwe wabwino matenthedwe, ndi otsika permeability, chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga exchangers kutentha, akasinja reaction, condensers, kuyaka nsanja, mayamwidwe nsanja, coolers, heaters, zosefera, ndi zida mpope.Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale monga petrochemicals, hydrometallurgy, acid-base production, synthetic fibers, and papermaking, amatha kupulumutsa zitsulo zambiri.

Mitundu ya graphite yosasunthika imasiyanasiyana pakukana kwa dzimbiri chifukwa cha ma resin osiyanasiyana omwe ali nawo.Phenolic resin impregnators ndi asidi kugonjetsedwa koma osati alkali kugonjetsedwa;Furfuryl alcohol resin impregnators ndi onse acid komanso alkali kugonjetsedwa.Kutentha kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana kumasiyananso: mpweya ndi graphite zimatha kupirira 2000-3000 ℃ mumlengalenga wochepetsetsa, ndikuyamba kutulutsa oxidize pa 350 ℃ ndi 400 ℃ mumlengalenga wotsekemera, motero;Mitundu ya graphite yosalowetsedwa imasiyanasiyana ndi inpregnating agent, ndipo nthawi zambiri imakhala yosamva kutentha mpaka pansi pa 180 ℃ poika pakamwa ndi phenolic kapena furfuryl mowa.

5. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito poponyera, kutembenuza mchenga, kuumba, ndi zitsulo zotentha kwambiri zazitsulo: Chifukwa cha kagawo kakang'ono ka kuwonjezereka kwa kutentha kwa graphite ndi kuthekera kwake kupirira kusintha kwa kuzizira kofulumira ndi kutentha, kungagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati nkhungu ya glassware.Pambuyo pogwiritsira ntchito graphite, zitsulo zakuda zimatha kupeza zojambula zokhala ndi miyeso yolondola, pamtunda wosalala, ndi zokolola zambiri.Ikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanda kukonza kapena kukonza pang'ono, motero kupulumutsa zitsulo zambiri.Njira zopangira zitsulo zaufa monga kupanga ma aloyi olimba nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito zida za graphite kupanga mabwato a ceramic kuti akanikizire ndi kuwotcha.Kukula kwa crystal crucible, chidebe choyenga m'chigawo, chothandizira, chotenthetsera chotenthetsera, ndi zina zotero za silicon ya monocrystalline zonse zimakonzedwa kuchokera ku graphite yoyera kwambiri.Kuphatikiza apo, ma graphite amathanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati bolodi lotsekera ma graphite komanso maziko osungunula vacuum, komanso zinthu monga machubu ang'onoang'ono osatentha kwambiri, ndodo, mbale, ndi ma gridi.

6. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'makampani opanga mphamvu za atomiki ndi chitetezo cha dziko: Graphite ili ndi ma neturoni apamwamba kwambiri omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu ma reactor a atomiki, ndipo ma uranium graphite reactors ndi mtundu wogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri wa atomiki riyakitala.Zinthu zochepetsera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito muzowonjezera za atomiki pamagetsi ziyenera kukhala ndi malo osungunuka kwambiri, kukhazikika, komanso kukana dzimbiri, ndipo graphite imatha kukwaniritsa zofunikira pamwambapa.Chiyero chofunikira cha graphite chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu ma atomiki ndi chokwera kwambiri, ndipo zonyansa siziyenera kupitilira ma PPM ambiri.Makamaka, zomwe zili ndi boron ziyenera kukhala zosakwana 0.5PPM.M'makampani oteteza dziko, ma graphite amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kupanga ma nozzles a roketi zamafuta olimba, ma cones a mphuno zoponya, zida zapamlengalenga, zida zotsekereza, ndi zida zotsutsa ma radiation.

7. Graphite imatha kuletsanso kuwotcha makulitsidwe.Mayeso oyenerera akuwonetsa kuti kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa ufa wa graphite (pafupifupi magalamu 4-5 pa tani imodzi yamadzi) m'madzi kumatha kuletsa kuwotcha pamwamba.Komanso, zokutira za graphite pa chumney zachitsulo, madenga, milatho, ndi mapaipi zingateteze dzimbiri ndi dzimbiri.

Graphite angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati pensulo lead, pigment, ndi kupukuta.Pambuyo pokonza mwapadera, graphite ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kupanga zipangizo zosiyanasiyana zapadera zamagulu oyenerera a mafakitale.