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Miyambo youmba mbiya imasonyeza chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha anthu akale, pamene kugawidwa kwa mbiya kumasonyeza njira zoyankhulirana ndi njira zogwirira ntchito.Zinthu ndi geosciences amagwiritsidwa ntchito pano kuti adziwe kufufuzidwa, kusankha ndi kukonza zinthu zopangira.The Kingdom of the Congo, padziko lonse lapansi lodziwika kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1500, ndi limodzi mwa mayiko otchuka kwambiri omwe anali atsamunda ku Central Africa. .Pano tikupereka zidziwitso zatsopano pakupanga ndi kufalikira kwa mbiya ku Kingdom of the Congo.Kuchita njira zingapo zowunikira pa zitsanzo zosankhidwa, zomwe ndi XRD, TGA, petrographic analysis, XRF, VP-SEM-EDS ndi ICP-MS, tinatsimikiza mawonekedwe awo a petrographic, mineralogical and geochemical.Zotsatira zathu zimatilola kugwirizanitsa zinthu zakale ndi zinthu zachilengedwe ndikukhazikitsa miyambo ya ceramic.Tapeza ma templates opangira, kusinthana, kugawa ndi kuyanjana kwa katundu wabwino kupyolera mu kufalitsa chidziwitso chaumisiri.Zomwe tapeza zikusonyeza kuti ndale centralization ku Lower Congo dera ku Central Africa zimakhudza mwachindunji kupanga mbiya ndi kufalitsidwa.Tikuyembekeza kuti phunziro lathu lipereka maziko abwino a maphunziro ofananirako kuti agwirizane ndi dera lino.
Kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mbiya zakhala ntchito yaikulu m'zikhalidwe zambiri, ndipo chikhalidwe chake cha ndale chakhudza kwambiri kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka anthu. kumvetsetsa kwa madera akale3,4.Pofufuza zinthu zakale zokumbidwa pansi, tikhoza kugwirizanitsa katundu wawo ku miyambo yeniyeni ya ceramic ndi machitidwe otsatizana a kupanga1,4,5.Monga momwe Matson6 adanenera, kutengera chilengedwe cha ceramic, kusankha kwa zipangizo kumakhudzana ndi kupezeka kwa malo achilengedwe. Komanso, poganizira maphunziro osiyanasiyana a ethnographic, Whitbread2 imatanthawuza mwayi wa 84% wa chitukuko cha zinthu mkati mwa 7km radius ya chiyambi cha ceramic, poyerekeza ndi mwayi wa 80% mkati mwa 3km radius ku Africa7. , ndikofunikira kuti tisanyalanyaze kudalira kwa mabungwe opanga zinthu pazaumisiri2,3.Zosankha zaukadaulo zitha kufufuzidwa pofufuza kugwirizana pakati pa zida, njira ndi chidziwitso chaukadaulo3,8,9.Zosankha zingapo zotere zimatha kufotokozera mwambo wina wa ceramic .Panthawiyi, kuphatikizidwa kwa zofukulidwa m'mabwinja kufukufuku kwathandizira kwambiri kumvetsetsa bwino anthu am'mbuyomu3,10,11,12.Kugwiritsa ntchito njira zambiri zowunikira kungathe kuthana ndi mafunso okhudza magawo onse okhudzidwa ndi ntchito zamaketani, monga zachilengedwe. chitukuko ndi kusankha zopangira, kugula ndi kukonza3,10,11,12.
Kafukufukuyu akuyang'ana pa Ufumu wa Congo, umodzi mwa ndale zomwe zimalimbikitsa kwambiri ku Central Africa. Asanabwere dziko lamakono, Central Africa inali ndi zovuta zandale zandale zomwe zimadziwika ndi kusiyana kwakukulu kwa chikhalidwe ndi ndale, ndi zomangamanga. kuchokera kumagulu andale ang'onoang'ono ndi ogawanika kupita ku ndale zovuta komanso zokhazikika kwambiri13,14,15.M'nkhani iyi ya ndale, Ufumu wa Congo ukuganiza kuti unakhazikitsidwa m'zaka za zana la 14 ndi mabungwe atatu oyandikana nawo 16, 17. Masiku ano, inali dera lofanana ndi dera lapakati pa nyanja ya Atlantic kumadzulo kwa dziko lomwe masiku ano limatchedwa Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) ndi mtsinje wa Cuango kum'mawa, komanso dera la kumpoto kwa Angola masiku ano. Latitude of Luanda.Idachita mbali yofunika kwambiri m'dera lonselo pa nthawi yachitukuko chake ndipo idakumana ndi chitukuko chakuvuta kwambiri komanso kukhazikika pakati mpaka 14th, 18th, 19th, 20th, 21st century. Social stratification, a common currency, taxation systems. , magawo enieni a ntchito, ndi malonda a akapolo18, 19 amasonyeza chitsanzo cha Earle cha chuma cha ndale22.Kuyambira pa chiyambi chake mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 17, Ufumu wa Kongo unakula kwambiri, ndipo kuyambira 1483 kupita mtsogolo unakhazikitsa maubwenzi olimba ndi Ulaya, ndipo mu izi. way adachita nawo malonda a Atlantic 18, 19, 20, 23, 24, 25 (zambiri Onani Zowonjezera 1) kuti mudziwe mbiri yakale.
Njira zopangira zida ndi geoscience zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zakale zadothi kuchokera ku malo atatu ofukula zinthu zakale ku Kingdom of the Congo, komwe kufukulidwa kwachitika zaka khumi zapitazi, zomwe ndi Mbanza Kongo ku Angola ndi Kindoki ndi Ngongo Mbata ku Democratic Republic of Congo (Mkuyu. . 1) (onani Gulu Lowonjezera 1).2 m'mabwinja ofukula zinthu zakale).Mbanza Congo, yomwe posachedwapa inalembedwa pa List of UNESCO World Heritage List, ili m'chigawo cha Mpemba cha ulamuliro wakale.Ili pamtunda wapakati pamphepete mwa njira zofunika kwambiri zamalonda, zinali zandale komanso zandale. likulu la ulamuliro wa ufumuwo ndi mpando wachifumu wa mfumu. ndale zophatikiza28,29. Onsewa adagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri m'mbiri yonse ya ufumuwo17.Malo ofukula zakale a Kindoki ndi Ngongo Mbata ali m'chigwa cha Inkisi kumpoto kwa ufumuwo ndipo anali amodzi mwa madera oyambirira omwe adagonjetsedwa ndi ufumuwo. king's founding fathers.Mbanza Nsundi, likulu lachigawo ndi mabwinja a Jindoki, lakhala likulamuliridwa ndi olowa m'malo mwa mafumu a pambuyo pake a Kongo 17, 18, 30. Chigawo cha Mbata chili 31 kum'mawa kwa mtsinje wa Inkisi. Olamulira a Mbata ( ndi kumlingo wakutiwakuti Soyo) ali ndi mwayi wa mbiri yakale kukhala okhawo osankhidwa kuchokera kwa akuluakulu akumaloko motsatizana, osati zigawo zina kumene olamulira amasankhidwa ndi banja lachifumu, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ndalama zambiri 18,26. likulu la Mbata, Ngongo Mbata adachita gawo lalikulu kwambiri m'zaka za zana la 17. Chifukwa cha malo ake opangira malonda, Ngongo Mbata wathandizira pa chitukuko cha chigawochi monga msika wofunikira wamalonda16,17,18,26,31 ,32 .
Ufumu wa Congo ndi zigawo zake zisanu ndi chimodzi (Mpemba, Nsondi, Mbata, Soyo, Mbamba, Mpangu) m'zaka za m'ma 1600 ndi 1700. mapa.
Mpaka zaka khumi zapitazo, chidziwitso chofukulidwa m'mabwinja cha Ufumu wa Kongo chinali chochepa33.Kuzindikira kwakukulu kwa mbiri ya ufumuwu kumachokera ku miyambo yapakamwa yapakamwa ndi zolemba zolembedwa zochokera ku Africa ndi ku Ulaya16,17. chifukwa cha kusowa kwa kafukufuku wofukulidwa m'mabwinja34.Kufukula zakale kuyambira 2011 kwakhala ndi cholinga chodzaza mipatayi ndipo atulukira zinthu zofunika kwambiri, mawonekedwe ndi zinthu zakale. ponena za Iron Age ku Central Africa, ma projekiti ofukula zakale ngati apano ndi osowa kwambiri37,38.
Timapereka zotsatira za kusanthula kwa mineralogy, geochemical and petrological of seti ya zidutswa za mbiya zochokera kumadera atatu ofukulidwa a Ufumu wa Congo (onani zofukulidwa zakale mu Supplementary Material 2) .Zitsanzozo zinali za mitundu inayi ya mbiya (mkuyu 2) . imodzi kuchokera ku Jindoji Mapangidwe ndi atatu kuchokera ku King Kong Formation 30, 31, 35. Gulu la Kindoki linayamba nthawi ya Ufumu Woyambirira (14th mpaka pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1500). Pa malo omwe akukambidwa mu phunziroli, Kindoki (n = 31) ) ndilo malo okhawo omwe adawonetsa gulu la Kindoki30,35. Mitundu itatu ya Magulu a Kongo - Mtundu A, Mtundu C, ndi Mtundu D - wa nthawi ya ufumu wakumapeto (zaka za m'ma 1600 mpaka 18) ndipo ulipo nthawi imodzi m'mabwinja atatu omwe akufotokozedwa pano30 , 31, 35.Miphika ya mtundu wa Kongo C ndi miphika yophikira yomwe ili yambiri m'malo onse atatu35. Pini yamtundu wa Kongo A ikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati poto yotumikira, yomwe imayimiridwa ndi zidutswa zochepa 30, 31, 35.Kongo D-mtundu zitsulo zadothi ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito panyumba - popeza sizinapezekepo m'manda mpaka lero - ndipo zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi gulu lapadera la ogwiritsa ntchito30,31,35.Zidutswa za iwo zimawonekeranso mwachiwerengero chochepa.Mtundu wa A ndi D miphika adawonetsa magawo ofanana a malo ku malo a Kindoki ndi Ngongo Mbata30,31.Ku Ngongo Mbata, mpaka pano, pali zidutswa za 37,013 za mtundu wa C wa Kongo, zomwe zili ndi zidutswa za 193 za mtundu wa Kongo A ndi zidutswa za 168 za mtundu wa Kongo D31.
Zithunzi za magulu anayi a mbiya za Ufumu wa Congo zomwe zafotokozedwa mu phunziroli ( Gulu la Kindoki ndi Gulu la Kongo: Mitundu A, C, ndi D);chithunzi chojambula cha maonekedwe awo a nthawi pa malo aliwonse ofukula zinthu zakale Mbanza Kongo, Kindoki ndi Ngongo Mbata .
X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Petrographic Analysis, Variable Pressure Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (VP-SEM-EDS), X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF) ndi Inductively Coupled Plasma Coupled mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito poyankha mafunso okhudzana ndi momwe angapangire zopangira ndi njira zopangira.Cholinga chathu ndikuzindikira miyambo ya ceramic ndikuyigwirizanitsa ndi njira zina zopangira, motero timapereka malingaliro atsopano pa chikhalidwe cha anthu. m'mabungwe odziwika kwambiri andale ku Central Africa.
Nkhani ya Kingdom of the Congo ndi yovuta makamaka pa maphunziro a gwero chifukwa cha kusiyanasiyana komanso kutsimikizika kwa mawonetsedwe amtundu wamba (mkuyu 3) .Regional geology imatha kuzindikirika ndi kukhalapo kwa magawo osasinthika a geological sedimentary ndi metamorphic omwe amadziwika kuti M'njira yopita pansi, kutsatizana kumayamba ndi mapangidwe a miyala ya quartzite-claystone mu Sansikwa Formation, yotsatiridwa ndi Mapangidwe a Haut Shiloango, omwe amadziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa stromatolite carbonates, ndi ku Democratic Republic of Congo, Ma cell a silica Diatomaceous earth anazindikiritsidwa pafupi ndi pansi ndi pamwamba pa gululo. Gulu la Neoproterozoic Schisto-Calcaire ndi gulu la carbonate-argillite ndi mchere wina wa Cu-Pb-Zn. kusintha pang'ono kwa dolomite yotulutsa talc.Izi zimabweretsa kukhalapo kwa calcium ndi talc mineral sources.
Mapu a Geological of the study area.Malo atatu ofukula mabwinja akuwonetsedwa pamapu (Mbanza Congo, Jindoki ndi Ngongombata).Zozungulira kuzungulira malowa zikuyimira utali wa 7 km, womwe umagwirizana ndi kuthekera kogwiritsa ntchito gwero kwa 84%2.Mapu imanena za Democratic Republic of the Congo ndi Angola, ndipo malire amalembedwa.Mapu a Geological (mawonekedwe mu Supplement 11) adapangidwa mu pulogalamu ya ArcGIS Pro 2.9.1 (webusaiti: https://www.arcgis.com/), kutanthauza Angolan41 ndi Congolese42,65 Geological mamapu (mafayilo a raster), pogwiritsa ntchito Pangani miyezo yosiyana yolembera.
Pamwamba pa sedimentary discontinuity, Cretaceous units imakhala ndi miyala ya continental sedimentary monga sandstone ndi claystone.Nearby, mapangidwe a geological awa amadziwika ngati gwero lachiwiri la diamondi pambuyo pa kukokoloka kwa Early Cretaceous kimberlite tubes41,42.Palibenso zonyansa komanso zapamwamba kwambiri za metamorphic metamorphic. miyala yanenedwa kuderali.
Dera lozungulira Mbanza Kongo limadziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa ma depositi apamwamba komanso amankhwala pa Precambrian strata, makamaka miyala yamchere ndi dolomite kuchokera ku Schisto-Calcaire Formation ndi slate, quartzite ndi ashwag kuchokera ku Haut Shiloango Formation41.Chigawo chapafupi kwambiri cha geological ku Jindoji ndi Holocene alluvial sedimentary rock and limestone, slate ndi chert yokutidwa ndi feldspar quartzite of the Precambrian Schisto-Greseux Group.Ngongo Mbata ili mu lamba wopapatiza wa miyala wa Schisto-Greseux pakati pa Gulu lakale la Schisto-Calcaire ndi mchenga wofiira wapafupi wa Cretaceous42. Kuphatikiza apo, gwero la Kimberlite lotchedwa Kimpangu lanenedwa kudera lalikulu la Ngongo Mbata pafupi ndi craton m'chigawo cha Lower Congo.
Zotsatira za semi-quantitative za magawo akuluakulu amchere omwe amapezedwa ndi XRD akuwonetsedwa mu Table 1, ndipo mawonekedwe a XRD oyimira akuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 4.Quartz (SiO2) ndi gawo lalikulu la mchere, lomwe nthawi zonse limagwirizanitsidwa ndi potassium feldspar (KAlSi3O8) ndi mica. .[Mwachitsanzo, KAl2(Si3Al)O12(OH)2], ndi/kapena talc [Mg3Si4O10(OH)2].Maminolo a plagioclase [XAl(1–2)Si(3–2)O8, X = Na kapena Ca] (ie sodium ndi/kapena anorthite) ndi amphibole [(X)(0–3)[(Z )(5– 7)(Si, Al)8O22(O,OH,F)2, X = Ca2+, Na+ , K+, Z = Mg2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Al, Ti] ndi magawo ogwirizana a crystalline, Kawirikawiri pali mica.Amphibole nthawi zambiri sakhala ndi talc.
Zoyimira XRD zopangira mbiya za ku Kongo Kingdom, kutengera magawo akulu akulu a crystalline, ofanana ndi magulu amtundu: (i) zigawo zolemera za talc zomwe zidakumana ndi zitsanzo za Gulu la Kindoki ndi Kongo Type C, (ii) talc yolemera yomwe imapezeka m'magawo okhala ndi Quartz. Gulu la Kindoki ndi Kongo Type C zitsanzo, (iii) zigawo zolemera za feldspar mu zitsanzo za Kongo Type A ndi Kongo D, (iv) zigawo za mica-rich mu Kongo Type A ndi Kongo D zitsanzo, (v) Amphibole olemera zigawo zina anakumana mu zitsanzo. kuchokera ku Kongo Type A ndi Kongo Type DQ quartz, Pl plagioclase, kapena potassium feldspar, Am amphibole, Mca mica, Tlc talc, Vrm vermiculite.
Mawonekedwe osadziwika a XRD a talc Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 ndi pyrophyllite Al2Si4O10(OH)2 amafunikira njira yowonjezera kuti azindikire kukhalapo kwawo, kusakhalapo kapena kukhalira limodzi. 20) .Mapiritsi a TG (Supplement 3) anali ogwirizana ndi kukhalapo kwa gawo la mchere wa talc komanso kusowa kwa pyrophyllite.Kuwonongeka kwa dehydroxylation ndi kuwonongeka kwapangidwe komwe kumawonedwa pakati pa 850 ndi 1000 ° C kumagwirizana ndi talc.Palibe kutaya kwakukulu komwe kunawonedwa pakati pa 650 ndi 850 ° C, kusonyeza kusakhalapo kwa pyrophyllite44.
Monga gawo laling'ono, vermiculite [(Mg, Fe+2, Fe+3)3[(Al, Si)4O10](OH)2 4H2O], yotsimikiziridwa ndi kusanthula kwamagulu ozungulira a zitsanzo zoimira, nsonga Yopezeka pa 16-7 Å, zopezeka makamaka mu Gulu la Kindoki ndi Gulu la Kongo Gulu A zitsanzo.
Zitsanzo zamtundu wa Kindoki Gulu zomwe zapezedwa kuchokera kudera lalikulu lozungulira Kindoki zidawonetsa mchere wodziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa talc, kuchuluka kwa quartz ndi mica, komanso kupezeka kwa potaziyamu feldspar.
Kupangidwa kwa mchere wa zitsanzo za mtundu wa Kongo A kumadziwika ndi kupezeka kwa ma quartz-mica awiriawiri mosiyanasiyana komanso kukhalapo kwa potaziyamu feldspar, plagioclase, amphibole, ndi mica. makamaka mu zitsanzo za mtundu A wa Congo ku Jindoki ndi Ngongombata.
Zitsanzo za mtundu wa Kongo C zimasonyeza mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mchere mkati mwa gulu lamtundu, lomwe limadalira kwambiri malo ofukula zinthu zakale.Zitsanzo zochokera ku Ngongo Mbata zili ndi quartz zambiri ndipo zimasonyeza kusakanikirana kosasinthasintha.Quartz ndi gawo lalikulu kwambiri mu zitsanzo za Kongo C-type kuchokera ku Mbanza Kongo ndi Kindoki, koma muzochitika izi zitsanzo zina zimakhala ndi talc ndi mica.
Mtundu wa Kongo D uli ndi mapangidwe apadera a mineralogical m'mabwinja onse atatu ofukula zinthu zakale.Feldspar, makamaka plagioclase, imakhala yochuluka mumtundu wa mbiya uwu.Amphibole nthawi zambiri imakhala yochuluka.Imayimira quartz ndi mica.Ziwerengero zomwe zimasiyana zimasiyana pakati pa zitsanzo.Talc inapezeka mu amphibole. -zidutswa zolemera za gulu la Mbanza Kongo.
Ma minerals akuluakulu omwe amadziwika ndi kusanthula kwa petrographic ndi quartz, feldspar, mica ndi amphibole.Kuphatikizika kwa miyala kumakhala ndi zidutswa za miyala yapakatikati komanso yapamwamba kwambiri ya metamorphic, igneous ndi sedimentary rocks.Nsalu zopezeka pogwiritsa ntchito tchati cha Orton45's chikuwonetsa kusanja kwa boma kuchokera kwa osauka. ku zabwino, ndi chiŵerengero cha matrix a boma kuchokera ku 5% mpaka 50%.Nyezo zopserera zimachokera ku zozungulira mpaka kumakona popanda kutsata kokonda.
Magulu asanu a lithofacies (PGa, PGb, PGc, PGd, ndi PGE) amasiyanitsidwa kutengera masinthidwe ampangidwe ndi ma mineralogical. Chithunzi 5a);Gulu la PGb: gawo lalikulu la matrix otenthedwa (20% -30%), matrix ofunda Kusankha moto ndi koyipa, njere zakupsa zimakhala zaang'ono, ndipo miyala yapakatikati ndi yapamwamba ya metamorphic imakhala ndi masinthidwe ambiri a silicate, mica ndi yayikulu. miyala inclusions (mkuyu 5b);Gulu la PGc: gawo lalikulu la matrix ofunda (20 -40%), kusankha bwino kupsa mtima, timbewu tating'ono mpaka tating'ono kwambiri tozungulira, njere za quartz zambiri, zodulira zapanthawi zina (c mumkuyu 5);Gulu la PGd: low ratio Tempered matrix (5-20​​%), ndi timbewu tating'ono, zophatikizika ndi miyala ikuluikulu, kusanja bwino, ndi kapangidwe kabwino ka matrix (d mumkuyu 5);ndi gulu la PGE: kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa matrix okwiya (40-50%), kulinganiza bwino kupsa mtima, miyeso iwiri yambewu yowuma komanso mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mchere potengera kutenthetsa (mkuyu 5, e) . micrograph of the petrographic group.Optical studies of the samples have lead to strong correlations between type classification and petrographic sets, especially in samples from Kindoki and Ngongo Mbata (onani Supplementary 4 for oimira photomicrographs of the whole sample set).
Oyimilira optical micrographs a magawo a mbiya a Kongo Kingdom;makalata apakati pa magulu a petrographic ndi typological.(a) Gulu la PGa, (b) gulu la PGB, (c) gulu la PGc, (d) gulu la PGd ndi (e) gulu la PGE.
Chitsanzo cha Kindoki Formation chimaphatikizapo mapangidwe a miyala odziwika bwino ogwirizana ndi mapangidwe a PGa. Zitsanzo za mtundu wa Kongo A zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi PGb lithofacies, kupatulapo chitsanzo cha Kongo A-NBC_S.4 Kongo-A kuchokera ku Ngongo Mbata, yomwe ili zokhudzana ndi gulu la PGe poyitanitsa.Zambiri zamitundu ya Kongo C kuchokera ku Kindoki ndi Ngongo Mbata, ndi zitsanzo za mtundu wa Kongo C MBK_S.21 ndi MBK_S.23 zochokera ku Mbanza Kongo zinali za gulu la PGc. zitsanzo zimasonyeza zinthu zina za lithofacies.Zitsanzo za mtundu wa Kongo C MBK_S.17 ndi NBC_S.13 za mawonekedwe amakono okhudzana ndi magulu a PGe.Zitsanzo zamtundu wa Kongo C MBK_S.3, MBK_S.12 ndi MBK_S.14 zimapanga gulu limodzi la lithofacies PGd, pamene zitsanzo za mtundu wa Kongo C KDK_S.19, KDK_S.20 ndi KDK_S.25 zili ndi katundu wofanana ndi gulu la PGb. Chitsanzo cha Kongo Type C MBK_S.14 chikhoza kuonedwa kuti ndi chachilendo chifukwa cha mapangidwe ake a porous clast. Pafupifupi zitsanzo zonse za gulu la Mtundu wa Kongo D umagwirizanitsidwa ndi PGe lithofacies, kupatulapo zitsanzo za mtundu wa Kongo D MBK_S.7 ndi MBK_S.15 zochokera ku Mbanza Kongo, zomwe zimasonyeza njere zazikuluzikulu zomwe zimakhala zochepa kwambiri (30%), pafupi ndi gulu la PGc.
Zitsanzo zochokera ku malo atatu ofukula zinthu zakale zidawunikidwa ndi VP-SEM-EDS kuti awonetsere kugawa kwazinthu komanso kudziwa zomwe zimapangidwira kwambiri zamtundu wa tempered grains.EDS data imalola kuzindikirika kwa quartz, feldspar, amphibole, iron oxides (hematite), titanium oxides (mwachitsanzo. rutile), titanium iron oxides (ilmenite), zirconium silicates (zircon) ndi perovskite neosilicates (garnet) .Silica, aluminiyamu, potaziyamu, calcium, sodium, titaniyamu, chitsulo ndi magnesium ndizomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu matrix.The consistently high magnesium zomwe zili mu Mapangidwe a Kindoki ndi mabeseni amtundu wa Kongo A amatha kufotokozedwa ndi kukhalapo kwa mchere wa talc kapena magnesium dongo. Malinga ndi kusanthula kwazinthu, mbewu za feldspar makamaka zimagwirizana ndi potaziyamu feldspar, albite, oligoclase, ndipo nthawi zina labradorite ndi anorthite (Zowonjezera). 5, Fig. S8-S10), pamene mbewu za amphibole ndi tremolite Stone, actinite, pa nkhani ya Kongo Type A chitsanzo NBC_S.3, mwala wofiira wa masamba.6) mu Kongo A-mtundu (tremolite) ndi Kongo D-mtundu wa ceramics (actinite) . Komanso, m'malo atatu ofukula zinthu zakale, mbewu za ilmenite zinali zogwirizana kwambiri ndi zitsanzo za D. Manganese apamwamba amapezeka mumbewu za ilmenite. , izi sizinasinthe njira yawo yowonjezera chitsulo-titanium (Fe-Ti) (onani Supplementary 5, Fig. S11).
data ya VP-SEM-EDS. Chithunzi cha ternary chosonyeza kusiyana kwa amphibole pakati pa matanki a Kongo Type A ndi Kongo D pa zitsanzo zosankhidwa kuchokera ku Mbanza Kongo (MBK), Kindoki (KDK), ndi Ngongo Mbata (NBC);zizindikiro zolembedwa ndi magulu amtundu.
Malinga ndi zotsatira za XRD, quartz ndi potaziyamu feldspar ndi mchere waukulu mu zitsanzo za mtundu wa Kongo C, pamene kukhalapo kwa quartz, potassium feldspar, albite, anorthite ndi tremolite ndi khalidwe la zitsanzo za mtundu wa Kongo A. Zitsanzo za mtundu wa Kongo D zimasonyeza kuti quartz , potaziyamu feldspar, albite, oligofeldspar, ilmenite ndi actinite ndizo zigawo zazikulu zamchere. Mtundu wa Kongo A chitsanzo NBC_S.3 ukhoza kuonedwa kuti ndi wachilendo chifukwa plagioclase yake ndi labradorite, amphibole ndi orthopamphibole, ndipo kupezeka kwa ilmenite kumalembedwa.Kongo C- mtundu wa chitsanzo NBC_S.14 ulinso ndi mbewu za ilmenite (Supplementary 5, Figures S12–S15).
Kusanthula kwa XRF kunachitidwa pa zitsanzo zoimira zochokera kumalo atatu ofukula zinthu zakale kuti adziwe magulu akuluakulu a zinthu. Zolemba zazikuluzikulu zalembedwa mu Table 2. Zitsanzo zofufuzidwa zinasonyezedwa kuti ndizolemera mu silica ndi alumina, ndi calcium oxide concentrations pansi pa 6%. Kuchuluka kwa magnesiamu kumachitika chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa talc, yomwe imagwirizana mosagwirizana ndi ma oxide a silicon ndi aluminium oxide. Zomwe zili pamwamba pa sodium oxide ndi calcium oxide zimagwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa plagioclase.
Zitsanzo za Gulu la Kindoki zomwe zinapezedwa ku malo a Kindoki zinasonyeza kulemeretsa kwakukulu kwa magnesia (8-10%) chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa talc.Potassium oxide milingo mu gulu lamtundu uwu kuyambira 1.5 mpaka 2.5%, ndi sodium (<0.2%) ndi calcium oxide (<0.4%) ndende zinali zotsika.
Kuchulukira kwa iron oxides (7.5-9%) ndizomwe zimachitika m'miphika yamtundu wa Kongo A. Zitsanzo za mtundu wa Kongo A kuchokera ku Mbanza Kongo ndi Kindoki zinawonetsa potaziyamu (3.5-4.5%). -5%) amasiyanitsa chitsanzo cha Ngongo Mbata ndi zitsanzo zina za gulu la mtundu womwewo. Mtundu wa Kongo A chitsanzo NBC_S.4 umasonyeza kuchuluka kwa iron oxides, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi kukhalapo kwa ma amphibole mineral phases. Mtundu wa Kongo A chitsanzo NBC_S. 3 adawonetsa kuchuluka kwa manganese (1.25%).
Silika (60-70%) imayang'anira mapangidwe a chitsanzo cha Kongo C-mtundu, chomwe chimachokera ku quartz zomwe zimatsimikiziridwa ndi XRD ndi petrography.Low sodium (<0.5%) ndi calcium (0.2-0.6%) zomwe zili mkati zinawonedwa. Kuchul ndi kuchuluka kwa sodium, magnesium, calcium ndi Iron oxide content.Kuchuluka kwa titanium dioxide (1.5%) kumasiyanitsa Kongo Type C chitsanzo MBK_S.9.
Kusiyana kwa kapangidwe kazinthu kumawonetsa zitsanzo za mtundu wa Kongo D, zomwe zikuwonetsa kutsika kwa silika komanso kuchuluka kwa sodium (1-5%), calcium (1-5%), ndi potaziyamu okusayidi pakati pa 44% mpaka 63% (1- 5%) chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa feldspar. Komanso, titaniyamu wochuluka wa titaniyamu (1-3.5%) adawonedwa mu gulu lamtundu uwu.Zomwe zili ndi chitsulo chachitsulo cha Kongo D-mtundu zitsanzo MBK_S.15, MBK_S.19 ndi NBC_S .23 imagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa magnesium oxide, yomwe imagwirizana ndi kulamulira kwa amphibole.Kuchuluka kwa manganese oxide kunapezeka mu zitsanzo zonse za mtundu wa Kongo D.
Deta yayikulu yazinthu idawonetsa kulumikizana pakati pa calcium ndi iron oxides m'matanki amtundu wa Kongo A ndi D, omwe adalumikizidwa ndi kukhathamiritsa kwa sodium oxide. olemera mu zirconium okhala ndi mgwirizano wapakati ndi strontium.Chiwembu cha Rb-Sr (mkuyu 7) chikuwonetsa mgwirizano pakati pa matanki amtundu wa strontium ndi Kongo D, komanso pakati pa matanki amtundu wa rubidium ndi Kongo A. Onse a Kindoki Gulu ndi Kongo Type C ceramics atha ndi maelementi onse awiri.(Onaninso Zowonjezera 6, Zithunzi S16-S19).
Deta ya XRF.Scatter plot Rb-Sr, zitsanzo zosankhidwa kuchokera ku miphika ya Congo Kingdom, zojambulidwa ndi mtundu wa gulu.Grafu imasonyeza mgwirizano pakati pa tanka ya mtundu wa Kongo D ndi strontium komanso pakati pa tanka ya mtundu wa Kongo A ndi rubidium.
Chitsanzo choyimira kuchokera ku Mbanza Kongo chinawunikidwa ndi ICP-MS kuti adziwe trace element ndi trace element composition, ndi kuphunzira kugawa kwa REE mapatani pakati pa magulu amtundu.Trace and trace elements akufotokozedwa kwambiri mu Appendix 7, Table S2.Mtundu wa Kongo Zitsanzo za A ndi Kongo Type D zitsanzo MBK_S.7, MBK_S.16, ndi MBK_S.25 zili ndi thorium. Zitini zamtundu wa Kongo A zimakhala ndi zinc kwambiri ndipo zimalemeretsedwa mu rubidium, pamene zitini za mtundu wa Kongo D zimawonetsa kwambiri wa strontium, kutsimikizira zotsatira za XRF (Supplementary 7, Figures S21-S23) .Chiwembu cha La/Yb-Sm/Yb chikuwonetseratu kugwirizanitsa ndikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa lanthanum mu chitsanzo cha Kongo D-tank (Chithunzi 8).
Data ya ICP-MS.Scatter plot of La/Yb-Sm/Yb, zitsanzo zosankhidwa kuchokera ku beseni la Congo Kingdom, zojambulidwa ndi mitundu ya gulu.Mtundu wa C wa Kongo MBK_S.14 sunasonyezedwe pachithunzichi.
REEs normalized ndi NASC47 amaperekedwa mu mawonekedwe a kangaude ziwembu (mkuyu 9) .Zotsatira anasonyeza kulemeretsa kuwala osowa dziko zinthu (LREEs), makamaka zitsanzo kuchokera Kongo A-mtundu ndi D-mtundu akasinja.Kongo Type C anawonetsa kusinthasintha kwakukulu.The positive europium anomaly ndi khalidwe la mtundu wa Kongo D, ndipo high cerium anomaly ndi khalidwe la mtundu wa Kongo A.
Mu phunziro ili, tidapenda zida za ceramic zochokera ku malo atatu ofukula zinthu zakale a ku Central Africa omwe amagwirizana ndi Ufumu wa Congo omwe ali m'magulu osiyanasiyana a typological, omwe ndi magulu a Jindoki ndi Congo. Gulu la Jinduomu likuimira nthawi yakale (nthawi ya ufumu wakale) ndipo ilipo yokha pa malo ofukula zinthu zakale a Jinduomu. Gulu la Kongo-mitundu A, C, ndi D-lilipo m'malo atatu ofukula zinthu zakale panthawi imodzi.Mbiri ya King Kong Group ikhoza kutsatiridwa ku nthawi ya ufumu.Ikuyimira nthawi yolumikizana ndi Ulaya ndi kusinthanitsa. katundu mkati ndi kunja kwa Ufumu wa Congo, monga momwe zakhalira kwa zaka mazana ambiri.Zisindikizo za zala zopanga ndi miyala zinapezedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira yowunikira zambiri.Aka ndi koyamba kuti Central Africa igwiritse ntchito mgwirizano wotere.
Zolemba zala zala za Kindoki Gulu la Kindoki zimaloza kuzinthu zapadera za Kindoki. Gulu la Kindoki likhoza kukhala logwirizana ndi nthawi yomwe Nsondi anali chigawo chodziyimira pawokha cha Seven Congo dia Nlaza28,29. Kukhalapo kwa talc ndi vermiculite (chinthu chotsika kutentha of talc weathering) mu Gulu la Jinduoji akuwonetsa kugwiritsa ntchito zopangira zakomweko, popeza talc ilipo mu geological matrix ya malo a Jinduoji, mu Schisto-Calcaire Formation 39,40 .Makhalidwe ansalu amtundu wa mphika uwu omwe amawonedwa ndi kusanthula kapangidwe kake amalozera kukonzanso kosapangana kwazinthu zopangira.
Miphika ya mtundu wa Kongo A inasonyeza kusiyana kwa nyimbo za mkati ndi zapakati pa malo.Mbanza Kongo ndi Kindoki ali ndi potaziyamu ndi calcium oxides wambiri, pamene Ngongo Mbata ali ndi magnesium yambiri. Mosiyana ndi mtundu wa Kongo C, amawonetsa zomwe zili pamwamba pa feldspar, amphibole ndi iron oxide. , kumene actinolite amphibole amadziwika.
Mtundu wa Kongo C umaperekanso kusintha kwa mineralogy ndi mankhwala opangidwa ndi nsalu ndi mawonekedwe a nsalu za malo atatu ofukula zakale ndi pakati pawo.Kusiyana kumeneku kumachokera ku kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zinthu zilizonse zopangira zopangira pafupi ndi malo aliwonse opangira / kugwiritsira ntchito.Komabe, kufanana kwa stylistic kunakwaniritsidwa kuwonjezera pa luso lamakono.
Mtundu wa Kongo D umagwirizana kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa titanium oxides, zomwe zimatchedwa kukhalapo kwa mchere wa ilmenite (Supplementary 6, Fig. S20) . 10), kapangidwe kapadera kogwirizana ndi mapangidwe a kimberlite48,49. Kukhalapo kwa miyala ya Cretaceous continental sedimentary - gwero la miyala ya diamondi yachiwiri pambuyo pakukokoloka kwa machubu a pre-Cretaceous kimberlite42-ndi gawo la Kimberlite la Kimberlite ku Lower Congo43 wider Ngongo Mbata area may be the Congo (DRC) Source of raw materials for D-type pottery production.This is further supported by the discovery of ilmenite in one Kongo Type A sample and one Kongo Type C sample at Ngongo Mbata site.
VP-SEM-EDS data.MgO-MnO scatter plot, selected samples from Mbanza Kongo (MBK), Kindoki (KDK) and Ngongo Mbata (NBC) with known ilmenite grains, kusonyeza manganese-titanium ferromanganese kutengera kafukufuku wa Kaminsky ndi Belousova Anga (Mn-ilmenites).
Positive Europium anomalies yowonedwa mu REE mode ya tanki yamtundu wa Kongo D (onani Chithunzi 9), makamaka mu zitsanzo zodziwika ndi njere za ilmenite (monga, MBK_S.4, MBK_S.5, ndi MBK_S.24) , zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi ultrabasic igneous miyala yolemera mu anorthite ndi kusunga Eu2 +.Kugawa kwa REEku kungathenso kufotokoza za kuchuluka kwa strontium komwe kumapezeka mu zitsanzo za mtundu wa Kongo D (onani mkuyu 6) chifukwa strontium imalowa m'malo mwa calcium50 mu Ca mineral lattice. Zomwe zili pamwamba pa lanthanum (Mkuyu 8) ) ndi kulemeretsa kwakukulu kwa LREEs (mkuyu 9) akhoza kukhala chifukwa cha miyala ya ultrabasic igneous monga ma kimberlite-monga geological formations51.
Makhalidwe apadera a miphika yooneka ngati Kongo D amawagwirizanitsa ndi gwero linalake la zipangizo zachilengedwe, komanso kufanana kwapakati pa malo amtunduwu, kusonyeza malo apadera opangira miphika ya Kongo D. kutsimikizika kwa kapangidwe kake, kufalikira kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta mtundu wa Kongo D kumabweretsa zolemba zolimba kwambiri za ceramic ndikuwonetsa dala zopangira zopangira komanso chidziwitso chaukadaulo pakupanga pottery52. Mbaliyi ndi yapadera komanso imathandizira kutanthauzira kwamtunduwu monga Zogulitsa zomwe zikuyang'ana gulu linalake la anthu osankhika35.Pokhudzana ndi kupanga kumeneku, Clist et al29 akuwonetsa kuti mwina kudachitika chifukwa cha kuyanjana pakati pa opanga matayala a Chipwitikizi ndi owumba a ku Congo, chifukwa chidziwitso chotere sichinachitikepo muufumu komanso m'mbuyomu.
Kusapezeka kwa magawo amchere omwe angopangidwa kumene m'zitsanzo zamitundu yonse yamagulu akuwonetsa kugwiritsa ntchito kuwombera kotsika (<950 ° C), komwe kumagwirizananso ndi maphunziro a ethnoarchaeological omwe amachitika m'derali53,54.Kuphatikiza apo, kusowa kwa hematite ndi mtundu wakuda wa zidutswa za mbiya zina chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa kuwombera kapena kuwombera pambuyo4,55.Kafukufuku wa Ethnographic m'derali awonetsa zinthu zowonongeka pambuyo pa moto panthawi yopanga mbiya55.Mitundu yakuda, yomwe imapezeka makamaka mu miphika ya Kongo D, ikhoza kukhala Zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi omwe akugwiritsa ntchito monga gawo la zokongoletsa zawo zolemera.Deta ya Ethnographic muzochitika zambiri za ku Africa ikugwirizana ndi izi, monga mitsuko yakuda nthawi zambiri imatengedwa kuti ili ndi matanthauzo enieni.
Kuchepa kwa kashiamu m'zitsanzo, kusakhalapo kwa carbonates ndi/kapena magawo awo a mchere omwe angopangidwa kumene kumabwera chifukwa cha kusakhala ndi calcareous kwa ceramics57. Mabeseni a Kongo Type C) chifukwa zonse za carbonate ndi talc zilipo mu gulu la carbonate-argillaceous-Neoproterozoic Schisto-Calcaire Group42,43 Mutually. khalidwe losayenera la dongo la calcareous likawotchedwa pa kutentha kochepa.
Kuphatikiza pa kuphatikizika kwa ma intra- and inter-field composition and rock structure of the Kongo C pottery, kufunikira kwakukulu kwa ma cookware kwatilola kuti tiyike kupanga mbiya ya Kongo C pagulu. Zitsanzo zamtundu wa C zikuwonetsa kusasinthika kwa mbiya muufumu. Zimawonetsa kusankhiratu bwino kwa zopangira ndi chidziwitso chaukadaulo chapamwamba chokhudzana ndi ntchito yoyenera komanso yoyenera ya Quartz Temper Cooking Pot58.Kutentha kwa Quartz ndi zinthu zopanda kashiamu zikuwonetsa kuti kusankha zopangira ndi kukonza zimadaliranso luso ntchito zofunika.