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Miyambo ya mbiya imasonyeza chikhalidwe cha anthu m'zachuma cha zikhalidwe zakale, pomwe kugawa kwa miphika pamalo kumasonyeza njira zolankhulirana ndi njira zolumikizirana. Zipangizo ndi sayansi ya nthaka zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pano kuti zidziwe komwe zimachokera, kusankha, ndi kukonza zinthu zopangira. Ufumu wa Congo, wodziwika padziko lonse lapansi kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1500, ndi umodzi mwa mayiko otchuka kwambiri omwe anali atsamunda ku Central Africa. Ngakhale kuti kafukufuku wambiri wa mbiri yakale amadalira mbiri ya anthu aku Africa ndi aku Europe yolembedwa pakamwa, pali mipata yambiri pakumvetsetsa kwathu kwa ndale. Pano tikupereka chidziwitso chatsopano pakupanga ndi kufalitsa miphika mu Ufumu wa Congo. Pochita njira zingapo zowunikira pa zitsanzo zosankhidwa, monga XRD, TGA, kusanthula kwa petrographic, XRF, VP-SEM-EDS ndi ICP-MS, tidazindikira mawonekedwe awo a petrographic, mineralological, ndi geochemical. Zotsatira zathu zimatithandiza kulumikiza zinthu zakale ndi zinthu zachilengedwe ndikukhazikitsa miyambo ya ceramic. Tazindikira ma tempuleti opangira, njira zosinthira, kugawa, ndi njira zolumikizirana za zinthu zabwino kudzera mu kufalitsa chidziwitso chaukadaulo. Zomwe tapeza zikusonyeza kuti kukhazikika kwa ndale m'chigawo cha Lower Congo ku Central Africa kumakhudza mwachindunji kupanga ndi kufalitsa miphika. Ife Tikukhulupirira kuti kafukufuku wathu upereka maziko abwino a maphunziro ena oyerekeza kuti agwirizane ndi dera lino.
Kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito miphika kwakhala ntchito yofunika kwambiri m'zikhalidwe zambiri, ndipo chikhalidwe chake cha ndale chakhala ndi gawo lalikulu pakukonzekera kupanga ndi njira yopangira zinthuzi1,2. Mu dongosololi, kafukufuku wa ceramic angathandize kumvetsetsa kwathu magulu akale3,4. Mwa kufufuza zoumba zakale, titha kulumikiza makhalidwe awo ndi miyambo inayake ya ceramic ndi njira zina zopangira1,4,5. Monga momwe Matson6 adanenera, kutengera zachilengedwe za ceramic, kusankha zinthu zopangira kumagwirizana ndi kupezeka kwa zinthu zachilengedwe. Kuphatikiza apo, poganizira maphunziro osiyanasiyana a ethnographic, Whitbread2 ikutanthauza mwayi wa 84% wa chitukuko cha zinthu mkati mwa 7km radius ya chiyambi cha ceramic, poyerekeza ndi mwayi wa 80% mkati mwa 3km radius ku Africa7. Komabe, ndikofunikira kuti tisanyalanyaze kudalira kwa mabungwe opanga zinthu pazinthu zaukadaulo2,3. Zosankha zaukadaulo zitha kufufuzidwa pofufuza ubale pakati pa zipangizo, njira ndi chidziwitso chaukadaulo3,8,9. Zosankha zosiyanasiyana zotere zimatha kufotokoza mwambo winawake wa ceramic. Pakadali pano, kuphatikiza kwa zoumba zakale mu kafukufuku kwathandizira kwambiri kuti timvetsetse bwino magulu akale3,10,11,12. Kugwiritsa ntchito njira zowunikira zambiri kungayankhe mafunso okhudza magawo onse omwe akukhudzidwa ndi ntchito za unyolo, monga chitukuko cha zinthu zachilengedwe ndi kusankha zinthu zopangira, kugula ndi kukonza3,10,11,12.
Kafukufukuyu akuyang'ana kwambiri Ufumu wa Congo, umodzi mwa ndale zomwe zakula kwambiri ku Central Africa. Dziko lamakono lisanabwere, Central Africa inali ndi chikhalidwe chovuta cha anthu ndi ndale chomwe chimadziwika ndi kusiyana kwakukulu kwa chikhalidwe ndi ndale, ndi nyumba kuyambira zazing'ono komanso zogawanika zandale mpaka zovuta komanso zokhazikika kwambiri zandale13,14,15. Munthawi imeneyi ya ndale, Ufumu wa Congo ukuyembekezeka kuti unapangidwa m'zaka za m'ma 1400 ndi mabungwe atatu ogwirizana 16, 17. Munthawi yake yopambana, unaphimba dera lofanana ndi dera la pakati pa Nyanja ya Atlantic kumadzulo kwa Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) yamasiku ano ndi Mtsinje wa Cuango kum'mawa, komanso dera la kumpoto kwa Angola lero. Latitude ya Luanda. Inasewera gawo lofunika kwambiri m'chigawo chonse panthawi yake yopambana ndipo idakumana ndi chitukuko cha zovuta komanso kukhazikika mpaka 14, 18, 19, 20, 21 za m'ma 1800. Kugawa magulu a anthu, ndalama yofanana, misonkho machitidwe, kugawa kwa antchito enaake, ndi malonda a akapolo18, 19 zikusonyeza chitsanzo cha Earle cha zachuma chandale22. Kuyambira pamene chinakhazikitsidwa mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1600, Ufumu wa Congo unakula kwambiri, ndipo kuyambira mu 1483 unakhazikitsa ubale wolimba ndi Ulaya, ndipo mwanjira imeneyi unatenga nawo mbali mu malonda a Atlantic 18, 19, 20, 23, 24, 25 (zambiri Onani Zowonjezera 1) kuti mudziwe zambiri zakale.
Njira zogwiritsira ntchito zipangizo ndi sayansi ya nthaka zagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zakale zochokera ku malo atatu ofukula zinthu zakale ku Ufumu wa Congo, komwe kufukula kwachitika m'zaka khumi zapitazi, zomwe ndi Mbanza Kongo ku Angola ndi Kindoki ndi Ngongo Mbata ku Democratic Republic of Congo (Chithunzi 1) (onani Gome Lowonjezera 1). 2 mu deta ya zinthu zakale). Mbanza Congo, yomwe yalembedwa posachedwapa pa UNESCO World Heritage List, ili m'chigawo cha Mpemba cha ulamuliro wakale. Ili pamtunda wapakati pa malo olumikizirana misewu yofunika kwambiri yamalonda, inali likulu la ndale ndi kayendetsedwe ka ufumu komanso mpando wachifumu wa mfumu. Kindoki ndi Ngongo Mbata zili m'zigawo za Nsundi ndi Mbata, motsatana, zomwe mwina zinali mbali ya maufumu asanu ndi awiri a Kongo dia Nlaza ufumu usanakhazikitsidwe - umodzi mwa ndale zophatikizana 28,29. Onse awiri adasewera maudindo ofunikira m'mbiri yonse ya ufumu 17. Malo ofukula zinthu zakale a Kindoki ndi Ngongo Mbata ali m'chigwa cha Inkisi kumpoto kwa ufumu ndipo anali amodzi mwa madera oyamba kugonjetsedwa ndi makolo oyambitsa ufumuwo. Mbanza Nsundi, likulu la chigawo lomwe lili ndi mabwinja a Jindoki, nthawi zambiri linkalamulidwa ndi mafumu a Kongo omwe adatsatira 17, 18, 30. Chigawo cha Mbata chili makamaka 31 kum'mawa kwa Mtsinje wa Inkisi. Olamulira a Mbata (ndipo mpaka ku Soyo) ali ndi mwayi wakale wokhala okhawo osankhidwa kuchokera ku mafumu am'deralo motsatizana, osati madera ena kumene olamulira amasankhidwa ndi banja lachifumu, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ndalama zambiri zimakhala 18,26. Ngakhale kuti si likulu la chigawo cha Mbata, Ngongo Mbata idasewera gawo lalikulu m'zaka za m'ma 1600. Chifukwa cha malo ake abwino mu netiweki yamalonda, Ngongo Mbata yathandizira pakukula kwa chigawochi ngati msika wofunikira wamalonda16,17,18,26,31,32.
Ufumu wa Congo ndi zigawo zake zazikulu zisanu ndi chimodzi (Mpemba, Nsondi, Mbata, Soyo, Mbamba, Mpangu) m'zaka za m'ma 1100 ndi 1700. Malo atatu omwe afotokozedwa mu kafukufukuyu (Mbanza Kongo, Kindoki ndi Ngongo Mbata) akuwonetsedwa pamapu.
Mpaka zaka khumi zapitazo, chidziwitso cha zinthu zakale za Ufumu wa Congo chinali chochepa33. Chidziwitso chambiri m'mbiri ya ufumuwo chimachokera ku miyambo ya m'deralo ndi magwero olembedwa ochokera ku Africa ndi Europe16,17. Kutsatana kwa nthawi m'chigawo cha Congo kuli kogawanika komanso kosakwanira chifukwa cha kusowa kwa maphunziro ofufuza zinthu zakale34. Kufukula zinthu zakale kuyambira 2011 kwakhala cholinga chodzaza mipata iyi ndipo kwapeza nyumba zofunika, mawonekedwe ndi zinthu zakale. Mwa zinthu zomwe zapezekazi, zinyalala zadothi ndizosakayikira zofunika kwambiri29,30,31,32,35,36. Ponena za Nyengo ya Chitsulo ku Central Africa, mapulojekiti ofukula zinthu zakale monga omwe alipo pano ndi osowa kwambiri37,38.
Tikupereka zotsatira za kusanthula kwa mineralology, geochemical ndi petrological kwa zidutswa za miphika kuchokera kumadera atatu ofukulidwa mu Ufumu wa Congo (onani zambiri zakale mu Zowonjezera Zinthu 2). Zitsanzozo zinali za mitundu inayi ya miphika (Chithunzi 2), imodzi kuchokera ku Jindoji Formation ndi itatu kuchokera ku King Kong Formation 30, 31, 35. Gulu la Kindoki linayambira nthawi ya Ufumu Woyamba (zaka za m'ma 1400 mpaka pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1500). Pa malo omwe afotokozedwa mu kafukufukuyu, Kindoki (n = 31) inali malo okhawo omwe adawonetsa magulu a Kindoki30,35. Mitundu itatu ya Magulu a Kongo - Mtundu A, Mtundu C, ndi Mtundu D - inayambira ku ufumu womaliza (zaka za m'ma 1600-1700) ndipo imapezeka nthawi imodzi m'malo atatu ofukulidwa zakale omwe aganiziridwa pano30, 31, 35. Miphika ya Mtundu C wa Kongo ndi miphika yophikira yomwe ili yochuluka m'malo onse atatu35. Mphika wamtundu wa Kongo A ungagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati poto woperekera, woimiridwa ndi zidutswa zochepa chabe30, 31, 35. Zoumba za mtundu wa Kongo D ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito panyumba zokha - chifukwa sizinapezekepo m'manda mpaka pano - ndipo zimagwirizana ndi gulu lapadera la ogwiritsa ntchito 30,31,35. Zidutswa zake zimawonekeranso pang'ono. Miphika ya Mtundu A ndi D inawonetsa kugawa kofanana kwa malo m'malo a Kindoki ndi Ngongo Mbata 30,31. Mu Ngongo Mbata, pakadali pano, pali zidutswa 37,013 za Mtundu C wa Kongo, zomwe pali zidutswa 193 za Mtundu A wa Kongo ndi zidutswa 168 za Mtundu D31.
Zithunzi za mitundu inayi ya magulu a mbiya za ku Congo Kingdom zomwe zafotokozedwa mu kafukufukuyu (Kindoki Group ndi Kongo Group: Mitundu A, C, ndi D); chithunzi cha momwe amaonekera nthawi ndi nthawi pamalo aliwonse ofukula zakale a Mbanza Kongo, Kindoki ndi Ngongo Mbata.
Kusanthula kwa X-ray (XRD), Kusanthula kwa Thermogravimetric (TGA), Kusanthula kwa Petrographic, Kusanthula kwa Electron Microscopy Yosinthasintha ndi Mphamvu Yogawa Mphamvu X-ray (VP-SEM-EDS), Kusanthula kwa X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) ndi Kusanthula kwa Inductively Coupled Plasma Coupled mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) kwagwiritsidwa ntchito poyankha mafunso okhudza magwero omwe angapezeke a zinthu zopangira ndi njira zopangira. Cholinga chathu ndikupeza miyambo ya ceramic ndikuigwirizanitsa ndi njira zina zopangira, motero kupereka malingaliro atsopano pa kapangidwe ka chikhalidwe cha chimodzi mwa mabungwe otchuka kwambiri andale ku Central Africa.
Nkhani ya Ufumu wa Congo ndi yovuta kwambiri pa kafukufuku wa magwero chifukwa cha kusiyanasiyana ndi kudziwika kwa chiwonetsero cha geological cha m'deralo (Chithunzi 3). Geology ya m'madera imatha kuzindikirika ndi kukhalapo kwa geological sedimentary pang'ono mpaka yosasinthika komanso ma metamorphic sequences otchedwa Western Congo Supergroup. Mu njira yoyambira pansi kupita mmwamba, sequence imayamba ndi mapangidwe a quartzite-claystone osinthasintha mu Sansikwa Formation, kutsatiridwa ndi Haut Shiloango Formation, yomwe imadziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa stromatolite carbonates, ndipo ku Democratic Republic of Congo, silica Diatomaceous earth cells adapezeka pafupi ndi pansi ndi pamwamba pa gululo. Neoproterozoic Schisto-Calcaire Group ndi gulu la carbonate-argillite lomwe lili ndi mineralization ya Cu-Pb-Zn. Kupangika kwa geological kumeneku kukuwonetsa njira yachilendo kudzera mu diagenesis yofooka ya dongo la magnesia kapena kusintha pang'ono kwa dolomite yopanga talc. Izi zimapangitsa kuti pakhale magwero a calcium ndi talc mineral. Gawoli limaphimbidwa ndi Precambrian Schisto-Greseux Group yokhala ndi mabedi ofiira a mchenga.
Mapu a malo ophunzirira. Malo atatu ofukula zinthu zakale akuwonetsedwa pamapu (Mbanza Congo, Jindoki ndi Ngongombata). Bwalo lozungulira malowa likuyimira mtunda wa makilomita 7, womwe ukugwirizana ndi kuthekera kogwiritsa ntchito gwero la 84%. Mapuwa akutanthauza Democratic Republic of the Congo ndi Angola, ndipo malirewo alembedwa. Mapu a malo (mafayilo ojambulidwa mu Zowonjezera 11) adapangidwa mu pulogalamu ya ArcGIS Pro 2.9.1 (webusayiti: https://www.arcgis.com/), yokhudza Angolan41 ndi Congolese42,65 Mapu a malo (mafayilo a raster), pogwiritsa ntchito miyezo yosiyanasiyana yolembera.
Pamwamba pa kusagwirizana kwa sedimentary, mayunitsi a Cretaceous amakhala ndi miyala ya sedimentary ya kontinenti monga miyala yamchenga ndi miyala yadothi. Pafupi, mapangidwe a geological awa amadziwika ngati gwero lachiwiri la diamondi pambuyo pa kukokoloka kwa nthaka ndi machubu a Early Cretaceous kimberlite41,42. Palibe miyala ina yosinthika komanso yapamwamba yomwe yanenedwa m'derali.
Malo ozungulira Mbanza Kongo amadziwika ndi kupezeka kwa miyala yamtengo wapatali ndi mankhwala pa strata ya Precambrian, makamaka miyala yamchere ndi dolomite kuchokera ku Schisto-Calcaire Formation ndi slate, quartzite ndi ashwag kuchokera ku Haut Shiloango Formation41. Gawo la geological lomwe lili pafupi kwambiri ndi malo ofukula zinthu zakale a Jindoji ndi miyala ya Holocene alluvial sedimentary ndi miyala yamchere, slate ndi chert yokutidwa ndi feldspar quartzite ya Precambrian Schisto-Greseux Group. Ngongo Mbata ili m'mphepete mwa miyala yaing'ono ya Schisto-Greseux pakati pa gulu lakale la Schisto-Calcaire ndi miyala ya mchenga wofiira ya Cretaceous yapafupi42. Kuphatikiza apo, gwero la Kimberlite lotchedwa Kimpangu lanenedwa kuti lili pafupi ndi Ngongo Mbata pafupi ndi craton m'chigawo cha Lower Congo.
Zotsatira za kuchuluka kwa magawo akuluakulu a mchere omwe apezeka ndi XRD akuwonetsedwa mu Table 1, ndipo mawonekedwe oyimira a XRD akuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 4. Quartz (SiO2) ndiye gawo lalikulu la mchere, lomwe nthawi zambiri limagwirizanitsidwa ndi potassium feldspar (KAlSi3O8) ndi mica.[Mwachitsanzo, KAl2(Si3Al)O12(OH)2], ndi/kapena talc [Mg3Si4O10(OH)2]. Mineral ya plagioclase [XAl(1–2)Si(3–2)O8, X = Na kapena Ca] (monga sodium ndi/kapena anorthite) ndi amphibole [(X)(0–3)[(Z )(5– 7)(Si, Al)8O22(O,OH,F)2, X = Ca2+, Na+, K+, Z = Mg2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Al, Ti] ndi magawo ogwirizana a crystalline, Nthawi zambiri pamakhala mica. Amphibole nthawi zambiri sapezeka mu talc.
Mapangidwe oyimira XRD a mbiya za Kongo Kingdom, kutengera magawo akuluakulu a kristalo, ogwirizana ndi magulu amitundu: (i) zigawo zolemera za talc zomwe zapezeka mu zitsanzo za Kindoki Group ndi Kongo Type C, (ii) talc yolemera yomwe yapezeka mu zitsanzo za Quartz zomwe zili ndi zitsanzo za Kindoki Group ndi Kongo Type C, (iii) zigawo zolemera za feldspar mu zitsanzo za Kongo Type A ndi Kongo D, (iv) zigawo zolemera za mica mu zitsanzo za Kongo Type A ndi Kongo D, (v) Zigawo zolemera za Amphibole zidapezeka mu zitsanzo kuchokera ku Kongo Type A ndi Kongo Type DQ quartz, Pl plagioclase, kapena potassium feldspar, Am amphibole, Mca mica, Tlc talc, Vrm vermiculite.
Ma spectra a XRD osadziwika bwino a talc Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 ndi pyrophyllite Al2Si4O10(OH)2 amafuna njira yowonjezera kuti adziwe kupezeka kwawo, kusakhalapo kwawo kapena kukhalapo kwawo nthawi imodzi. TGA idachitidwa pa zitsanzo zitatu zoyimira (MBK_S.14, KDK_S.13 ndi KDK_S.20). Ma curve a TG (Supplement 3) anali ogwirizana ndi kukhalapo kwa gawo la talc mineral ndi kusowa kwa pyrophyllite. Kuchepa kwa hydroxylation ndi kuwonongeka kwa kapangidwe kake komwe kunawonedwa pakati pa 850 ndi 1000 °C kumagwirizana ndi talc. Palibe kutayika kwa misa komwe kunawonedwa pakati pa 650 ndi 850 °C, kusonyeza kuti pyrophyllite sinalipo44.
Monga gawo laling'ono, vermiculite [(Mg, Fe+2, Fe+3)3[(Al, Si)4O10](OH)2 4H2O], yodziwika ndi kusanthula kwa ma aggregates olunjika a zitsanzo zoyimira, pachimake Chopezeka pa 16-7 Å, makamaka chomwe chimapezeka mu zitsanzo za Kindoki Group ndi Kongo Group Type A.
Zitsanzo za mtundu wa Kindoki Group zomwe zinapezeka m'dera lonse lozungulira Kindoki zinasonyeza mchere wopangidwa ndi kukhalapo kwa talc, kuchuluka kwa quartz ndi mica, komanso kukhalapo kwa potassium feldspar.
Kapangidwe ka mchere wa zitsanzo za mtundu wa Kongo A kamadziwika ndi kupezeka kwa mitundu yambiri ya quartz-mica m'magawo osiyanasiyana komanso kupezeka kwa potassium feldspar, plagioclase, amphibole, ndi mica. Kuchuluka kwa amphibole ndi feldspar kumayimira gulu lamtunduwu, makamaka m'mitundu ya Congo-type A ku Jindoki ndi Ngongombata.
Zitsanzo za mtundu wa Kongo C zimakhala ndi mchere wosiyanasiyana mkati mwa gulu la mitundu, zomwe zimadalira kwambiri malo ofukula zinthu zakale. Zitsanzo zochokera ku Ngongo Mbata zili ndi quartz yambiri ndipo zimakhala ndi quartz yofanana. Quartz ndiye gawo lofunika kwambiri la zitsanzo za mtundu wa Kongo C zochokera ku Mbanza Kongo ndi Kindoki, koma m'mikhalidwe iyi zitsanzo zina zimakhala ndi talc ndi mica yambiri.
Mtundu wa Kongo D uli ndi kapangidwe kapadera ka mchere m'malo onse atatu ofukula zinthu zakale. Feldspar, makamaka plagioclase, ndi wochuluka mu mtundu uwu wa mbiya. Amphibole nthawi zambiri amapezeka mochuluka. Amayimira quartz ndi mica. Kuchuluka kwake kumasiyana pakati pa zitsanzo. Talc idapezeka m'zidutswa za amphibole za mtundu wa Mbanza Kongo.
Michere yayikulu yofewa yomwe imadziwika ndi kusanthula kwa petrographic ndi quartz, feldspar, mica ndi amphibole. Ma rock inclusions amakhala ndi zidutswa za miyala yapakatikati komanso yapamwamba kwambiri ya metamorphic, igneous ndi sedimentary. Deta ya nsalu yomwe yapezeka pogwiritsa ntchito tchati cha Orton45 ikuwonetsa momwe state ranking imakhalira kuyambira yoipa mpaka yabwino, ndi chiŵerengero cha state matrix kuyambira 5% mpaka 50%. Tinthu tating'onoting'ono tofewa timasiyana kuyambira yozungulira mpaka yokhota popanda kupendekera kosankha.
Magulu asanu a lithofacies (PGa, PGb, PGc, PGd, ndi PGe) amasiyanitsidwa kutengera kusintha kwa kapangidwe kake ndi mineralological. Gulu la PGa: matrix yofatsa (5-10%), matrix yabwino, yokhala ndi miyala yayikulu ya sedimentary metamorphic (Chithunzi 5a); Gulu la PGb: kuchuluka kwa matrix yofatsa (20%-30%), matrix yofatsa Kusankha moto ndi koipa, timbewu tofatsa ndi tozungulira, ndipo miyala yapakati ndi yapamwamba imakhala ndi zinthu zambiri za silicate, mica ndi miyala yayikulu (Chithunzi 5b); Gulu la PGc: kuchuluka kwa matrix yofatsa (20 -40%), kusankha bwino kwa kutentha, timbewu tating'onoting'ono tozungulira tofatsa, timbewu ta quartz tochuluka, tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timapanga nthawi zina (c mu Chithunzi 5); Gulu la PGd: chiŵerengero chotsika Matrix yofatsa (5-20​​​​%), yokhala ndi timbewu tating'onoting'ono tofatsa, kuphatikiza kwa miyala yayikulu, kusanja koipa, ndi kapangidwe ka matrix kofatsa (d mu Chithunzi 5); ndi gulu la PGe: kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa matrix yotenthedwa (40-50%), kusankha bwino kutentha, kukula kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timatenthedwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mchere pankhani ya kutentha (Chithunzi 5, e). Chithunzi 5 chikuwonetsa micrograph yoyimira kuwala ya gulu la petrographic. Kafukufuku wa maso wa zitsanzo adatsogolera ku mgwirizano wamphamvu pakati pa magulu amitundu ndi magulu a petrographic, makamaka m'zitsanzo zochokera ku Kindoki ndi Ngongo Mbata (onani Zowonjezera 4 kuti mupeze zithunzi zoyimira za gulu lonse la zitsanzo).
Ma micrograph oyimira kuwala a zidutswa za mbiya za Kongo Kingdom; kulumikizana pakati pa magulu a petrographic ndi mitundu.(a) Gulu la PGa, (b) Gulu la PGB, (c) Gulu la PGc, (d) Gulu la PGd ndi (e) Gulu la PGe.
Chitsanzo cha Kindoki Formation chimaphatikizapo mapangidwe a miyala odziwika bwino okhudzana ndi kapangidwe ka PGa. Zitsanzo za mtundu wa Kongo A zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi lithofacies za PGb, kupatula chitsanzo cha mtundu wa Kongo A NBC_S.4 Kongo-A chochokera ku Ngongo Mbata, chomwe chikugwirizana ndi gulu la PGe poyitanitsa. Zitsanzo zambiri za mtundu wa Kongo C zochokera ku Kindoki ndi Ngongo Mbata, ndi zitsanzo za mtundu wa Kongo C MBK_S.21 ndi MBK_S.23 zochokera ku Mbanza Kongo zinali za gulu la PGc. Komabe, zitsanzo zingapo za Mtundu wa Kongo C zimasonyeza mawonekedwe a lithofacies zina. Zitsanzo za mtundu wa Kongo C MBK_S.17 ndi NBC_S.13 zikuwonetsa mawonekedwe okhudzana ndi magulu a PGe. Zitsanzo za mtundu wa Kongo C MBK_S.3, MBK_S.12 ndi MBK_S.14 zimapanga gulu limodzi la lithofacies PGd, pomwe zitsanzo za mtundu wa Kongo C KDK_S.19, KDK_S.20 ndi KDK_S.25 ali ndi makhalidwe ofanana ndi gulu la PGb. Chitsanzo cha mtundu wa Kongo C MBK_S.14 chingaganizidwe kuti ndi chapadera chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake kokhala ndi mabowo. Pafupifupi zitsanzo zonse za mtundu wa Kongo D zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi lithofacies za PGe, kupatula zitsanzo za mtundu wa Kongo D MBK_S.7 ndi MBK_S.15 zochokera ku Mbanza Kongo, zomwe zimawonetsa tirigu wotentha kwambiri wokhala ndi kachulukidwe kochepa (30%), pafupi ndi gulu la PGc.
Zitsanzo kuchokera ku malo atatu ofukula zakale zinasanthulidwa ndi VP-SEM-EDS kuti ziwonetse kufalikira kwa elemental ndikupeza kapangidwe kake ka elemental ka tirigu wofewa payekha. Deta ya EDS imalola kuzindikira quartz, feldspar, amphibole, iron oxides (hematite), titanium oxides (monga rutile), titanium iron oxides (ilmenite), zirconium silicates (zircon) ndi perovskite neosilicates (garnet). Silika, aluminiyamu, potaziyamu, calcium, sodium, titanium, iron ndi magnesium ndi zinthu zomwe zimapezeka kwambiri mu matrix. Kuchuluka kwa magnesium komwe kumachitika nthawi zonse mu Kindoki Formation ndi Kongo A-type basin kumatha kufotokozedwa ndi kupezeka kwa talc kapena magnesium dongo minerals. Malinga ndi kusanthula kwa elemental, feldspar mbewu makamaka zimagwirizana ndi potassium feldspar, albite, oligoclase, ndipo nthawi zina labradorite ndi anorthite (Supplement 5, Chithunzi S8–S10), pomwe amphibole mbewu ndi tremolite Stone, actinite, pankhani ya Kongo Type A. chitsanzo cha NBC_S.3, mwala wofiira. Kusiyana kwakukulu kumawonekera mu kapangidwe ka amphibole (Chithunzi 6) mu Kongo A-type (tremolite) ndi Kongo D-type ceramics (actinite). Kuphatikiza apo, m'malo atatu ofukula zakale, mbewu za ilmenite zinali zogwirizana kwambiri ndi zitsanzo za D-type. Kuchuluka kwa manganese kumapezeka mu mbewu za ilmenite. Komabe, izi sizinasinthe njira yawo yosinthira iron-titanium (Fe-Ti) (onani Zowonjezera 5, Chithunzi S11).
Deta ya VP-SEM-EDS. Chithunzi chachitatu chomwe chikuwonetsa kapangidwe kosiyana ka amphibole pakati pa matanki a Kongo Type A ndi Kongo D pa zitsanzo zosankhidwa kuchokera ku Mbanza Kongo (MBK), Kindoki (KDK), ndi Ngongo Mbata (NBC); zizindikiro zomwe zimalembedwa ndi magulu amitundu.
Malinga ndi zotsatira za XRD, quartz ndi potassium feldspar ndiye mchere waukulu mu zitsanzo za mtundu wa Kongo C, pomwe kupezeka kwa quartz, potassium feldspar, albite, anorthite ndi tremolite ndi chizindikiro cha zitsanzo za mtundu wa Kongo A. Zitsanzo za mtundu wa Kongo D zikuwonetsa kuti quartz, potassium feldspar, albite, oligofeldspar, ilmenite ndi actinite ndi zigawo zazikulu za mchere. Chitsanzo cha mtundu wa Kongo A NBC_S.3 chingaganizidwe kuti ndi chapadera chifukwa plagioclase yake ndi labradorite, amphibole ndi orthopamphibole, ndipo kupezeka kwa ilmenite kwalembedwa. Chitsanzo cha mtundu wa Kongo C NBC_S.14 chilinso ndi timbewu ta ilmenite (Zowonjezera 5, Zithunzi S12–S15).
Kusanthula kwa XRF kunachitika pa zitsanzo zoyimira kuchokera ku malo atatu ofukula zinthu zakale kuti adziwe magulu akuluakulu a zinthu zakale. Zinthu zazikulu zomwe zili muzinthuzi zalembedwa mu Gome 2. Zitsanzo zomwe zafufuzidwa zawonetsedwa kuti zili ndi silica ndi alumina wochuluka, ndipo kuchuluka kwa calcium oxide kuli pansi pa 6%. Kuchuluka kwa magnesium kumachitika chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa talc, komwe kumakhudzana kwambiri ndi ma oxide a silicon ndi aluminium oxide. Kuchuluka kwa sodium oxide ndi calcium oxide m'thupi kumagwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa plagioclase.
Zitsanzo za Kindoki Group zomwe zinapezeka pamalo a Kindoki zinasonyeza kuchuluka kwa magnesia (8-10%) chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa talc. Mlingo wa potaziyamu oxide m'gulu lamtunduwu unali pakati pa 1.5 ndi 2.5%, ndipo kuchuluka kwa sodium (< 0.2%) ndi calcium oxide (< 0.4%) kunali kotsika.
Kuchuluka kwa ma iron oxides (7.5–9%) ndi chinthu chofala kwambiri m'miphika yamtundu wa Kongo A. Zitsanzo za mtundu wa Kongo A zochokera ku Mbanza Kongo ndi Kindoki zinawonetsa kuchuluka kwa potaziyamu (3.5–4.5%). Kuchuluka kwa magnesium oxide (3–5%) kumasiyanitsa chitsanzo cha Ngongo Mbata ndi zitsanzo zina za gulu lomwelo. Chitsanzo cha mtundu wa Kongo A NBC_S.4 chikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa ma iron oxides, omwe amagwirizanitsidwa ndi kukhalapo kwa magawo a mchere wa amphibole. Chitsanzo cha mtundu wa Kongo A NBC_S.3 chinawonetsa kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa manganese (1.25%).
Silika (60-70%) imalamulira kapangidwe ka chitsanzo cha mtundu wa Kongo C, chomwe chimachokera ku kuchuluka kwa quartz komwe kumatsimikiziridwa ndi XRD ndi petrography. Zomwe zili mu sodium yochepa (< 0.5%) ndi calcium (0.2–0.6%) zinawonedwa. Kuchuluka kwa magnesium oxide (13.9 ndi 20.7%, motsatana) ndi kuchepa kwa chitsulo oxide mu zitsanzo za MBK_S.14 ndi KDK_S.20 zimagwirizana ndi mchere wambiri wa talc. Zitsanzo za MBK_S.9 ndi KDK_S.19 za gulu lamtunduwu zidawonetsa kuchuluka kwa silika kochepa komanso kuchuluka kwa sodium, magnesium, calcium ndi Iron oxide. Kuchuluka kwa titanium dioxide (1.5%) kumasiyanitsa chitsanzo cha Kongo Type C MBK_S.9.
Kusiyana kwa kapangidwe ka zinthu kumasonyeza zitsanzo za Kongo Type D, zomwe zikusonyeza kuchuluka kwa silica ndi kuchuluka kwa sodium (1-5%), calcium (1-5%), ndi potassium oxide pakati pa 44% mpaka 63% (1-5%) chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa feldspar. Kuphatikiza apo, kuchuluka kwa titanium dioxide (1-3.5%) kunawonedwa m'gulu lamtunduwu. Kuchuluka kwa iron oxide m'zitsanzo za Kongo D za MBK_S.15, MBK_S.19 ndi NBC_S.23 kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa magnesium oxide, komwe kumagwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa amphibole. Kuchuluka kwa manganese oxide kunapezeka m'zitsanzo zonse za Kongo D.
Deta yaikulu ya chinthucho inasonyeza mgwirizano pakati pa calcium ndi iron oxides m'matanki a mtundu wa Kongo A ndi D, zomwe zinagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa sodium oxide. Ponena za kapangidwe ka trace element (Supplementary 6, Table S1), zitsanzo zambiri za mtundu wa Kongo D zili ndi zirconium zambiri zomwe zimagwirizana pang'ono ndi strontium. Chithunzi cha Rb-Sr (Chithunzi 7) chikuwonetsa mgwirizano pakati pa matanki a mtundu wa strontium ndi Kongo D, komanso pakati pa matanki a rubidium ndi Kongo A. Ma ceramic onse a Kindoki Group ndi Kongo Type C ali ndi zinthu zonse ziwiri. (Onaninso Zowonjezera 6, Zithunzi S16-S19).
Deta ya XRF. Chiwembu chogawa Rb-Sr, zitsanzo zosankhidwa kuchokera ku miphika ya Congo Kingdom, zolembedwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Chithunzichi chikuwonetsa mgwirizano pakati pa thanki ya mtundu wa Kongo D ndi strontium komanso pakati pa thanki ya mtundu wa Kongo A ndi rubidium.
Chitsanzo choyimira kuchokera ku Mbanza Kongo chinasanthulidwa ndi ICP-MS kuti adziwe kapangidwe ka zinthu zotsatizana ndi zinthu zotsatizana, komanso kuphunzira kufalikira kwa mapangidwe a REE pakati pa magulu amitundu. Zinthu zotsatizana ndi zotsatizana zafotokozedwa bwino mu Appendix 7, Table S2. Zitsanzo za Mtundu wa Kongo A ndi zitsanzo za Mtundu wa Kongo D MBK_S.7, MBK_S.16, ndi MBK_S.25 zili ndi thorium yambiri. Zitini za mtundu wa Kongo A zimakhala ndi zinc yambiri ndipo zimakhala ndi rubidium yambiri, pomwe zitini za mtundu wa Kongo D zimakhala ndi strontium yambiri, kutsimikizira zotsatira za XRF (Zowonjezera 7, Zithunzi S21–S23). Chithunzi cha La/Yb-Sm/Yb chikuwonetsa mgwirizano ndikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa lanthanum mu chitsanzo cha Kongo D-tank (Chithunzi 8).
Deta ya ICP-MS. Chithunzi chofalikira cha La/Yb-Sm/Yb, zitsanzo zosankhidwa kuchokera ku Congo Kingdom basin, zolembedwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Chitsanzo cha mtundu wa Kongo cha MBK_S.14 sichinawonetsedwe pachithunzichi.
Ma REE omwe asinthidwa ndi NASC47 amawonetsedwa ngati malo owonera akangaude (Chithunzi 9). Zotsatira zake zikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa zinthu zowala za rare earth elements (LREEs), makamaka m'zitsanzo zochokera ku matanki a mtundu wa Kongo A ndi D. Mtundu wa Kongo C unawonetsa kusinthasintha kwakukulu. Kusakhazikika kwa europium ndi chizindikiro cha mtundu wa Kongo D, ndipo kusagwirizana kwakukulu kwa cerium ndi chizindikiro cha mtundu wa Kongo A.
Mu phunziroli, tafufuza zinthu zoumba kuchokera ku malo atatu ofukula zakale a ku Central Africa okhudzana ndi Ufumu wa Congo omwe ali m'magulu osiyanasiyana, omwe ndi magulu a Jindoki ndi Congo. Gulu la Jinduomu likuyimira nthawi yoyambirira (nthawi yoyambirira ya ufumu) ndipo limapezeka pamalo ofukula zakale a Jinduomu okha. Gulu la Kongo—mitundu A, C, ndi D—limapezeka m'malo atatu ofukula zakale nthawi imodzi. Mbiri ya Gulu la King Kong ikhoza kutsatiridwa mpaka nthawi ya ufumu. Ikuyimira nthawi yolumikizana ndi Europe ndikusinthana katundu mkati ndi kunja kwa Ufumu wa Congo, monga momwe zakhalira kwa zaka mazana ambiri. Zala za kapangidwe ka miyala ndi kapangidwe kake zinapezeka pogwiritsa ntchito njira yowunikira yambiri. Iyi ndi nthawi yoyamba Central Africa kugwiritsa ntchito mgwirizano wotere.
Zizindikiro za Kindoki Group zokhala ndi kapangidwe ka miyala nthawi zonse zimasonyeza zinthu zapadera za Kindoki. Gulu la Kindoki lingakhale logwirizana ndi nthawi imene Nsondi inali chigawo chodziyimira pawokha cha Seven Congo dia Nlaza28,29. Kupezeka kwa talc ndi vermiculite (chopangidwa ndi kutentha kochepa kwa talc weathering) mu Jinduoji Group kumasonyeza kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zopangira zakomweko, popeza talc ilipo mu geological matrix ya malo a Jinduoji, mu Schisto-Calcaire Formation 39,40. Makhalidwe a nsalu ya mtundu uwu wa mphika omwe amawonedwa ndi kusanthula kapangidwe kake akusonyeza kuti zinthu zopangira sizinapangidwe bwino.
Miphika yamtundu wa Kongo A inasonyeza kusiyana kwa kapangidwe kake mkati ndi pakati pa malo. Mbanza Kongo ndi Kindoki zili ndi potaziyamu ndi calcium oxides zambiri, pomwe Ngongo Mbata ili ndi magnesium yambiri. Komabe, zinthu zina zomwe zimawasiyanitsa ndi magulu ena amitundu. Zimakhala zofanana kwambiri mu nsalu, zomwe zimawonetsedwa ndi mica paste. Mosiyana ndi mtundu wa Kongo C, zimasonyeza kuchuluka kwa feldspar, amphibole ndi iron oxide. Kuchuluka kwa mica ndi kupezeka kwa tremolite amphibole zimawasiyanitsa ndi Kongo D-type basin, komwe actinolite amphibole imadziwika.
Kongo Type C ikuwonetsanso kusintha kwa mineralology ndi kapangidwe ka mankhwala ndi mawonekedwe a nsalu m'malo atatu ofukula zakale komanso pakati pawo. Kusiyana kumeneku kumachitika chifukwa cha kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zopangira zomwe zilipo pafupi ndi malo aliwonse opangira/kugwiritsa ntchito. Komabe, kufanana kwa kalembedwe kunapezeka kuwonjezera pa kusintha kwaukadaulo wakomweko.
Mtundu wa Kongo D umagwirizana kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa titanium oxides, komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa mchere wa ilmenite (Supplementary 6, Chithunzi S20). Kuchuluka kwa manganese mu timbewu ta ilmenite tomwe tafufuzidwa kumazigwirizanitsa ndi manganese ilmenite (Chithunzi 10), kapangidwe kake kapadera kogwirizana ndi mapangidwe a kimberlite48,49. Kupezeka kwa miyala ya Cretaceous continental sedimentary—gwero la miyala yachiwiri ya diamondi pambuyo pa kuwonongeka kwa machubu a kimberlite a pre-Cretaceous42—ndi munda wa Kimberlite wa Kimberlite womwe wanenedwa ku Lower Congo43 zikusonyeza kuti dera lalikulu la Ngongo Mbata likhoza kukhala Gwero la Congo (DRC) la zipangizo zopangira miphika yamtundu wa D. Izi zikuthandizidwanso ndi kupezeka kwa ilmenite mu chitsanzo chimodzi cha Kongo Type A ndi chitsanzo chimodzi cha Kongo Type C pamalo a Ngongo Mbata.
Deta ya VP-SEM-EDS. MgO-MnO scatter plot, zitsanzo zosankhidwa kuchokera ku Mbanza Kongo (MBK), Kindoki (KDK) ndi Ngongo Mbata (NBC) ndi timbewu ta ilmenite tomwe tapezeka, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti manganese-titanium ferromanganese yochokera ku kafukufuku wa Kaminsky ndi Belousova's Mine (Mn-ilmenites).
Zolakwika zabwino za Europium zomwe zapezeka mu REE mode ya thanki ya mtundu wa Kongo D (onani Chithunzi 9), makamaka mu zitsanzo zomwe zili ndi timbewu ta ilmenite tomwe tadziwika (monga MBK_S.4, MBK_S.5, ndi MBK_S.24), zomwe mwina zimagwirizana ndi miyala ya ultrabasic igneous yokhala ndi anorthite komanso kusunga Eu2+. Kugawa kwa REE kumeneku kungafotokozenso kuchuluka kwa strontium komwe kumapezeka mu zitsanzo za mtundu wa Kongo D (onani Chithunzi 6) chifukwa strontium imalowa m'malo mwa calcium50 mu lattice ya Ca mineral. Kuchuluka kwa lanthanum (Chithunzi 8) ndi kuchuluka kwa LREEs (Chithunzi 9) zitha kufotokozedwa ndi miyala ya ultrabasic igneous monga mapangidwe a geological ofanana ndi kimberlite51.
Makhalidwe apadera a miphika yooneka ngati D ya Kongo amawagwirizanitsa ndi gwero lapadera la zinthu zachilengedwe, komanso kufanana kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mitundu iyi, zomwe zikusonyeza malo apadera opangira miphika yooneka ngati D ya Kongo. Kuphatikiza pa kudziwika kwa kapangidwe kake, kufalikira kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakhala mu mtundu wa Kongo D kumabweretsa zinthu zolimba kwambiri zadothi ndipo kumasonyeza kukonza zinthu zopangira ndi chidziwitso chapamwamba pakupanga miphika52. Mbali iyi ndi yapadera ndipo imathandizira kutanthauzira kwa mtundu uwu ngati chinthu cholunjika gulu lapadera la ogwiritsa ntchito35. Ponena za kupanga kumeneku, Clist et al29 akunena kuti mwina chinali chifukwa cha kuyanjana pakati pa opanga matailosi aku Portugal ndi oumba miphika aku Congo, chifukwa luso lotere silinapezekepo panthawi ya ufumu ndi kale.
Kusowa kwa magawo atsopano a mchere m'zitsanzo kuchokera ku magulu amitundu yonse kukusonyeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito kutentha kochepa (< 950 °C), zomwe zikugwirizananso ndi maphunziro a zachikhalidwe omwe anachitika m'derali53,54. Kuphatikiza apo, kusowa kwa hematite ndi mtundu wakuda wa zidutswa zina za mbiya kumachitika chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa moto kapena kuwombera pambuyo pa kuwombera4,55. Kafukufuku wa zachikhalidwe m'derali wasonyeza mphamvu zogwiritsira ntchito moto pambuyo pa kuwombera panthawi yopanga mbiya55. Mitundu yakuda, yomwe imapezeka makamaka m'miphika yooneka ngati D ya Kongo, imatha kugwirizanitsidwa ndi ogwiritsa ntchito omwe akufunafuna ngati gawo la zokongoletsera zawo zabwino. Deta ya zachikhalidwe m'madera ambiri aku Africa imathandizira izi, chifukwa mitsuko yakuda nthawi zambiri imaonedwa kuti ili ndi matanthauzo enieni.
Kuchuluka kochepa kwa calcium m'zitsanzo, kusowa kwa ma carbonates ndi/kapena magawo awo atsopano a mchere kumachitika chifukwa cha kusowa kwa calcium mu ceramics57. Funso ili ndi lofunika kwambiri kwa zitsanzo zokhala ndi talc yambiri (makamaka Kindoki Group ndi Kongo Type C basin) chifukwa carbonate ndi talc zonse zimapezeka mu carbonate-argillaceous assemblage-Neoproterozoic Schisto-Calcaire Group42,43 Mutually. Kupeza mwadala mitundu ina ya zinthu zopangira kuchokera ku geology yomweyi kukuwonetsa chidziwitso chapamwamba chaukadaulo chokhudzana ndi khalidwe losayenera la dothi la calcareous likawotchedwa pa kutentha kochepa.
Kuwonjezera pa kusiyanasiyana kwa kapangidwe ka zinthu za m'dothi la Kongo C mkati ndi pakati pa minda komanso m'miyala, kufunikira kwakukulu kwa zinthu zophikira kwatilola kuyika kupanga kwa zinthu za m'dothi la Kongo C pamlingo wa anthu ammudzi. Komabe, kuchuluka kwa quartz m'zitsanzo zambiri za mtundu wa Kongo C kumasonyeza kusinthasintha kwa kupanga zinthu za m'dothi mu ufumuwo. Zimasonyeza kusankha mosamala zinthu zopangira ndi chidziwitso chapamwamba chokhudzana ndi ntchito yoyenera komanso yoyenera ya Quartz Temper Cooking Pot58. Kutenthetsa kwa Quartz ndi zinthu zopanda calcium zimasonyeza kuti kusankha ndi kukonza zinthu zopangira kumadaliranso zofunikira pa ntchito zaukadaulo.