Malinga ndi SmarTech, kampani yopereka upangiri waukadaulo wopanga zinthu, ndege ndi kampani yachiwiri yayikulu yomwe imatumikiridwa ndi zowonjezera kupanga (AM), yachiwiri pambuyo pa mankhwala. Komabe, pakadali pano palibe chidziwitso cha kuthekera kopanga zowonjezera zopangira zinthu zadothi popanga mwachangu zida zadothi, kusinthasintha kwakukulu komanso kugwiritsa ntchito bwino ndalama. AM imatha kupanga zida zadothi zolimba komanso zopepuka mwachangu komanso mokhazikika - kuchepetsa ndalama zogwirira ntchito, kuchepetsa kusonkhana kwamanja, ndikuwonjezera magwiridwe antchito kudzera mu kapangidwe kopangidwa ndi modeling, potero kuchepetsa kulemera kwa ndege. Kuphatikiza apo, ukadaulo wopanga zowonjezera zopangira zadothi umapereka kuwongolera kwa magawo omalizidwa pazinthu zazing'ono kuposa ma microns 100.
Komabe, mawu akuti ceramic angatanthauze lingaliro lolakwika la kufooka. Ndipotu, ma ceramic opangidwa ndi zowonjezera amapanga zigawo zopepuka, zopyapyala komanso zolimba kwambiri zomwe zimakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri, zolimba, komanso zotsutsana ndi kutentha kwakukulu. Makampani omwe akuyang'ana patsogolo akugwiritsa ntchito zida zopangira ma ceramic, kuphatikizapo ma nozzles ndi ma propeller, ma insulators amagetsi ndi masamba a turbine.
Mwachitsanzo, alumina yoyera kwambiri imakhala yolimba kwambiri, ndipo imatha kukana dzimbiri komanso kutentha kwambiri. Zinthu zopangidwa ndi alumina zimatetezanso magetsi kutentha kwambiri komwe kumachitika m'mafakitale a ndege.
Zida zadothi zopangidwa ndi zirconia zimatha kukwaniritsa ntchito zambiri zokhala ndi zofunikira kwambiri pazinthu komanso kupsinjika kwakukulu kwa makina, monga kuumba zitsulo zapamwamba, ma valve ndi ma bearing. Zida zadothi zopangidwa ndi silicon nitride zimakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri, kulimba kwambiri komanso kukana kutentha kwambiri, komanso kukana mankhwala ku dzimbiri la ma acid osiyanasiyana, alkalis ndi zitsulo zosungunuka. Silicon nitride imagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira ma insulators, impellers, ndi ma antenna otsika kwambiri a dielectric.
Zoumba zadothi zopangidwa ndi silicon zimapereka zinthu zabwino zingapo. Zoumba zadothi zopangidwa ndi silicon zomwe zimawonjezeredwa ndi alumina ndi zircon zatsimikizira kuti zimagwira ntchito bwino popanga ma crystal castings amodzi a masamba a turbine. Izi zili choncho chifukwa chakuti maziko a ceramic opangidwa ndi zinthuzi ali ndi kutentha kochepa kwambiri mpaka 1,500°C, ma porosity ambiri, mawonekedwe abwino kwambiri pamwamba komanso kutayikira bwino. Kusindikiza ma cores awa kumatha kupanga mapangidwe a turbine omwe amatha kupirira kutentha kwakukulu komanso kuwonjezera mphamvu ya injini.
Ndizodziwika bwino kuti kupanga kapena kupangira zinthu zadothi pogwiritsa ntchito jakisoni n'kovuta kwambiri, ndipo kupanga zinthuzi kumapereka mwayi wochepa wofikira kuzinthu zomwe zikupangidwa. Zinthu monga makoma opyapyala zimakhalanso zovuta kupanga.
Komabe, Lithoz imagwiritsa ntchito njira yopangira zinthu zopangidwa ndi ceramic (LCM) pogwiritsa ntchito lithography kuti ipange zinthu zooneka ngati ceramic za 3D zolondola komanso zovuta.
Kuyambira pa chitsanzo cha CAD, tsatanetsatane wa zinthuzo umasamutsidwira ku chosindikizira cha 3D pogwiritsa ntchito digito. Kenako ikani ufa wa ceramic wopangidwa bwino pamwamba pa chidebe chowonekera bwino. Pulatifomu yomanga yosunthika imamizidwa m'matope kenako imawonetsedwa bwino kuti ipeze kuwala kowoneka kuchokera pansi. Chithunzi cha wosanjikizacho chimapangidwa ndi chipangizo cha digito cha micro-glass (DMD) cholumikizidwa ndi makina owonetsera. Mwa kubwereza njirayi, gawo lobiriwira la magawo atatu limatha kupangidwa wosanjikiza ndi wosanjikiza. Pambuyo pa chithandizo cha kutentha, chomangiracho chimachotsedwa ndipo magawo obiriwira amasakanizidwa ndi njira yapadera yotenthetsera - kuti apange gawo lolimba la ceramic lokhala ndi mawonekedwe abwino kwambiri amakina komanso mawonekedwe apamwamba.
Ukadaulo wa LCM umapereka njira yatsopano, yotsika mtengo komanso yachangu yogwiritsira ntchito popanga zinthu za injini ya turbine - kunyalanyaza kupanga nkhungu kokwera mtengo komanso kovuta komwe kumafunikira popanga jakisoni ndi kuponyera sera yotayika.
LCM ingathenso kupanga mapangidwe omwe sangatheke ndi njira zina, pomwe ikugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zochepa kwambiri kuposa njira zina.
Ngakhale kuti zipangizo zadothi ndi ukadaulo wa LCM zili ndi mphamvu zambiri, pali kusiyana pakati pa opanga zida zoyambira za AM (OEM) ndi opanga ndege.
Chifukwa chimodzi chingakhale kukana njira zatsopano zopangira zinthu m'mafakitale omwe ali ndi zofunikira kwambiri pachitetezo ndi khalidwe. Kupanga zinthu m'mlengalenga kumafuna njira zambiri zotsimikizira ndi kuyeneretsa, komanso kuyesa mokwanira komanso kokhwima.
Cholepheretsa china ndi chikhulupiriro chakuti kusindikiza kwa 3D kumangoyenera kupanga zinthu mwachangu kamodzi kokha, osati chilichonse chomwe chingagwiritsidwe ntchito mlengalenga. Apanso, izi ndi kusamvetsetsana, ndipo zida zadothi zosindikizidwa za 3D zatsimikiziridwa kuti zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu zambiri.
Chitsanzo ndi kupanga masamba a turbine, komwe njira ya AM ceramic imapanga ma cores a single crystal (SX), komanso ma cores a directional solidification (DS) ndi equiaxed casting (EX) superalloy turbine. Ma cores okhala ndi nthambi zovuta, makoma angapo ndi m'mphepete mwa trailing zosakwana 200μm amatha kupangidwa mwachangu komanso mopanda ndalama zambiri, ndipo zigawo zomaliza zimakhala ndi kulondola kofanana kwa miyeso komanso kutsirizika bwino kwa pamwamba.
Kupititsa patsogolo kulumikizana kungabweretse pamodzi opanga ndege ndi ma AM OEM ndikukhulupirira kwathunthu zida zadothi zopangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito LCM ndi ukadaulo wina. Ukadaulo ndi ukatswiri zilipo. Iyenera kusintha momwe amaganizira kuchokera ku AM pa kafukufuku ndi chitukuko ndi kupanga zitsanzo, ndikuiwona ngati njira yopitira patsogolo pa ntchito zazikulu zamalonda.
Kuwonjezera pa maphunziro, makampani oyendetsa ndege amathanso kuwononga nthawi yawo pantchito za ogwira ntchito, uinjiniya, ndi mayeso. Opanga ayenera kudziwa bwino miyezo ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zowunikira zoumba, osati zitsulo. Mwachitsanzo, miyezo iwiri yofunika kwambiri ya Lithoz ya zoumba ndi ASTM C1161 yoyesera mphamvu ndi ASTM C1421 yoyesera kulimba. Miyezo imeneyi imagwira ntchito ku zoumba zopangidwa ndi njira zonse. Pakupanga zowonjezera za zoumba, njira yosindikizira ndi njira yongopangira, ndipo ziwalozo zimadutsa mu mtundu womwewo wa zoumba monga zoumba zachikhalidwe. Chifukwa chake, kapangidwe ka zigawo za zoumba kadzakhala kofanana kwambiri ndi makina wamba.
Kutengera kupita patsogolo kosalekeza kwa zipangizo ndi ukadaulo, tinganene motsimikiza kuti opanga zinthu adzapeza zambiri. Zipangizo zatsopano zadongo zidzapangidwa ndikusinthidwa malinga ndi zosowa zaukadaulo. Zigawo zopangidwa ndi zodongo za AM zidzamaliza njira yotsimikizira kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito mumlengalenga. Ndipo zidzapereka zida zabwino zopangira, monga mapulogalamu abwino opangira zitsanzo.
Mwa kugwirizana ndi akatswiri aukadaulo a LCM, makampani oyendetsa ndege amatha kuyambitsa njira za AM ceramic mkati mwa kampani - kuchepetsa nthawi, kuchepetsa ndalama, ndikupanga mwayi wopititsa patsogolo chuma cha kampani. Ndi kuwona pasadakhale komanso kukonzekera kwa nthawi yayitali, makampani oyendetsa ndege omwe amaika ndalama muukadaulo wa ceramic angapeze phindu lalikulu mu ntchito yawo yonse yopanga zinthu m'zaka khumi zikubwerazi ndi kupitirira apo.
Mwa kukhazikitsa mgwirizano ndi AM Ceramics, opanga zida zoyambirira za ndege adzapanga zida zomwe sizinali zoganiziridwapo kale.
About the author: Shawn Allan is the vice president of additive manufacturing expert Lithoz. You can contact him at sallan@lithoz-america.com.
Shawn Allan adzalankhula za zovuta zofotokozera bwino ubwino wopanga zowonjezera za ceramic ku Ceramics Expo ku Cleveland, Ohio pa Seputembala 1, 2021.
Ngakhale kuti chitukuko cha machitidwe othamangitsira ndege amphamvu kwambiri chakhalapo kwa zaka zambiri, tsopano chakhala chinthu chofunika kwambiri pa chitetezo cha dziko la US, zomwe zapangitsa kuti gawoli likule mofulumira komanso kusintha. Monga gawo lapadera la akatswiri osiyanasiyana, vuto ndikupeza akatswiri omwe ali ndi luso lofunikira kuti alimbikitse chitukuko chake. Komabe, pamene palibe akatswiri okwanira, zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kusiyana kwatsopano, monga kuyika kapangidwe ka zinthu zopangira (DFM) poyamba mu gawo la R&D, kenako nkusanduka kusiyana kwa kupanga pamene kwachedwa kwambiri kuti pakhale kusintha kotsika mtengo.
Mabungwe ogwirizana, monga University Alliance for Applied Hypersonics (UCAH) omwe akhazikitsidwa kumene, amapereka malo ofunikira pakukulitsa maluso ofunikira kuti apititse patsogolo ntchitoyi. Ophunzira amatha kugwira ntchito mwachindunji ndi ofufuza aku yunivesite ndi akatswiri amakampani kuti apange ukadaulo ndikupititsa patsogolo kafukufuku wofufuza za hypersonic.
Ngakhale kuti UCAH ndi mabungwe ena oteteza adalola mamembala kuti agwire ntchito zosiyanasiyana zauinjiniya, ntchito yambiri iyenera kuchitika kuti akulitse maluso osiyanasiyana komanso odziwa zambiri, kuyambira pakupanga mpaka kupanga zinthu ndi kusankha mpaka malo ochitira zinthu.
Kuti pakhale phindu lokhalitsa m'munda, mgwirizano wa mayunivesite uyenera kuyika patsogolo chitukuko cha antchito mwa kugwirizana ndi zosowa za makampani, kuphatikiza mamembala mu kafukufuku woyenera makampani, ndikuyika ndalama mu pulogalamuyi.
Posintha ukadaulo wa hypersonic kukhala mapulojekiti akuluakulu opangira zinthu, kusiyana kwa luso la ntchito zauinjiniya ndi zopangira zinthu ndi vuto lalikulu. Ngati kafukufuku woyambirira sangadutse chigwa ichi chodziwika bwino cha imfa—kusiyana pakati pa kafukufuku ndi chitukuko ndi kupanga zinthu, ndi mapulojekiti ambiri akuluakulu alephera—ndiye kuti tataya yankho loyenera komanso lotheka.
Makampani opanga zinthu ku US akhoza kufulumizitsa liwiro la supersonic, koma chiopsezo chotsalira ndi kukulitsa kukula kwa ogwira ntchito kuti agwirizane. Chifukwa chake, boma ndi mabungwe olimbikitsa chitukuko cha mayunivesite ayenera kugwirizana ndi opanga kuti agwiritse ntchito mapulani awa.
Makampaniwa akumana ndi mipata ya luso kuyambira m'mafakitale opanga zinthu mpaka m'ma laboratories aukadaulo - mipata imeneyi idzakula pokhapokha msika wa hypersonic ukukula. Ukadaulo watsopano umafuna gulu la ogwira ntchito lomwe likukula kuti liwonjezere chidziwitso m'munda.
Ntchito ya Hypersonic imakhudza madera osiyanasiyana ofunikira a zipangizo ndi mapangidwe osiyanasiyana, ndipo gawo lililonse lili ndi zovuta zake zaukadaulo. Zimafuna chidziwitso chambiri, ndipo ngati palibe ukatswiri wofunikira, izi zitha kubweretsa zopinga pakukula ndi kupanga. Ngati tilibe anthu okwanira kuti tipitirize ntchitoyi, sizingatheke kukwaniritsa kufunikira kwa kupanga mwachangu.
Mwachitsanzo, tikufuna anthu omwe angathe kupanga chinthu chomaliza. UCAH ndi mabungwe ena ogwirizana ndi ofunikira kuti alimbikitse kupanga zinthu zamakono ndikuwonetsetsa kuti ophunzira omwe ali ndi chidwi ndi ntchito yopanga zinthu akuphatikizidwa. Kudzera mu ntchito zosiyanasiyana zodzipereka zopititsa patsogolo ntchito, makampaniwa adzatha kukhala ndi mwayi wopikisana nawo mu mapulani oyendetsa ndege a hypersonic m'zaka zingapo zikubwerazi.
Mwa kukhazikitsa UCAH, Dipatimenti Yoona za Chitetezo ikupanga mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito njira yowunikira kwambiri pakumanga luso m'derali. Mamembala onse a mgwirizano ayenera kugwira ntchito limodzi kuphunzitsa luso la ophunzira kuti tithe kumanga ndikusunga mphamvu ya kafukufuku ndikukulitsa kuti tipeze zotsatira zomwe dziko lathu likufuna.
NASA Advanced Composites Alliance yomwe yatsekedwa tsopano ndi chitsanzo cha ntchito yopambana yopititsa patsogolo ntchito za anthu ogwira ntchito. Kuchita bwino kwake ndi chifukwa chophatikiza ntchito za R&D ndi zofuna za makampani, zomwe zimathandiza kuti zinthu zatsopano zifalikire m'njira zosiyanasiyana za chitukuko. Atsogoleri a mafakitale agwira ntchito mwachindunji ndi NASA ndi mayunivesite pa mapulojekiti kwa zaka ziwiri mpaka zinayi. Mamembala onse apanga chidziwitso chaukadaulo ndi luso, aphunzira kugwirizana m'malo osapikisana, komanso aphunzitsa ophunzira aku koleji kuti atukuke kuti atukule osewera ofunikira m'makampani mtsogolo.
Mtundu uwu wa chitukuko cha antchito umadzaza mipata m'makampani ndipo umapatsa mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono mwayi wopanga zinthu zatsopano mwachangu ndikusinthasintha minda kuti akwaniritse kukula kowonjezereka komwe kungathandize pachitetezo cha dziko la US komanso chitetezo cha zachuma.
Mabungwe a mayunivesite kuphatikizapo UCAH ndi chuma chofunikira kwambiri m'munda wa hypersonic ndi makampani oteteza. Ngakhale kuti kafukufuku wawo walimbikitsa zatsopano zatsopano, phindu lawo lalikulu lili mu luso lawo lophunzitsa mbadwo wathu wotsatira wa ogwira ntchito. Gululi tsopano liyenera kuika patsogolo ndalama mu mapulani otere. Mwa kuchita izi, angathandize kulimbikitsa kupambana kwa nthawi yayitali kwa hypersonic innovation.
About the author: Kim Caldwell leads Spirit AeroSystems’ R&D program as a senior manager of portfolio strategy and collaborative R&D. In her role, Caldwell also manages relationships with defense and government organizations, universities, and original equipment manufacturers to further develop strategic initiatives to develop technologies that drive growth. You can contact her at kimberly.a.caldwell@spiritaero.com.
Opanga zinthu zovuta komanso zopangidwa mwaluso kwambiri (monga zida za ndege) nthawi zonse amakhala odzipereka kuchita zinthu zangwiro. Palibe malo oti munthu azitha kuyendetsa bwino zinthu.
Popeza kupanga ndege n'kovuta kwambiri, opanga ndege ayenera kuyang'anira bwino njira yopangira zinthu, kusamala kwambiri pa sitepe iliyonse. Izi zimafuna kumvetsetsa bwino momwe angayendetsere ndikusinthira ku nkhani zokhudzana ndi kupanga zinthu, ubwino, chitetezo, ndi unyolo wogulira zinthu pamene akukwaniritsa zofunikira za malamulo.
Popeza zinthu zambiri zimakhudza kuperekedwa kwa zinthu zapamwamba, zimakhala zovuta kuyendetsa maoda ovuta komanso osinthasintha nthawi zambiri opangira. Njira yopangira zinthu zabwino iyenera kukhala yosinthasintha mbali iliyonse yowunikira ndi kupanga, kupanga ndi kuyesa. Chifukwa cha njira za Industry 4.0 ndi njira zamakono zopangira zinthu, mavuto abwino awa akhala osavuta kuwayang'anira ndi kuwathetsa.
Cholinga chachikhalidwe cha kupanga ndege nthawi zonse chimakhala pa zipangizo. Magwero a mavuto ambiri abwino angakhale kusweka kwa mabala, dzimbiri, kutopa kwa zitsulo, kapena zinthu zina. Komabe, kupanga ndege masiku ano kumaphatikizapo ukadaulo wapamwamba komanso wopangidwa bwino kwambiri womwe umagwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zolimba. Kupanga zinthu kumagwiritsa ntchito njira zapadera komanso zovuta komanso machitidwe amagetsi. Mayankho a mapulogalamu oyang'anira ntchito nthawi zambiri sangathenso kuthetsa mavuto ovuta kwambiri.
Zigawo zovuta kwambiri zitha kugulidwa kuchokera ku unyolo wapadziko lonse lapansi, kotero kuyenera kuganiziridwa kwambiri poziphatikiza panthawi yonse yopangira. Kusatsimikizika kumabweretsa zovuta zatsopano pakuoneka kwa unyolo wopereka ndi kasamalidwe kabwino. Kuonetsetsa kuti zinthu zambiri ndi zomalizidwa zili bwino kumafuna njira zabwino komanso zophatikizika bwino.
Industry 4.0 ikuyimira chitukuko cha makampani opanga zinthu, ndipo ukadaulo wapamwamba kwambiri ukufunika kuti ukwaniritse zofunikira zamtundu wokhwima. Ukadaulo wothandizira ukuphatikizapo Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), ulusi wa digito, augmented reality (AR), ndi kusanthula kwa zinthu zomwe zanenedweratu.
Quality 4.0 ikufotokoza njira yopangira zinthu pogwiritsa ntchito deta yokhudzana ndi zinthu, njira, kukonzekera, kutsatira malamulo ndi miyezo. Imamangidwa pa njira zodziwika bwino osati m'malo mwa njira zodziwika bwino, pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo watsopano womwewo monga momwe makampani amachitira, kuphatikizapo kuphunzira makina, zida zolumikizidwa, cloud computing, ndi mapasa a digito kuti asinthe kayendetsedwe ka ntchito ka bungwe ndikuchotsa zinthu kapena njira zomwe zingatheke Zolakwika. Kutuluka kwa Quality 4.0 kukuyembekezeka kusintha kwambiri chikhalidwe cha malo antchito powonjezera kudalira deta ndikugwiritsa ntchito mozama khalidwe ngati gawo la njira yonse yopangira zinthu.
Quality 4.0 imagwirizanitsa nkhani zogwirira ntchito ndi chitsimikizo cha khalidwe (QA) kuyambira pachiyambi mpaka pagawo lopanga. Izi zikuphatikizapo momwe mungaganizire ndikupanga zinthu. Zotsatira za kafukufuku waposachedwa wamakampani zikusonyeza kuti misika yambiri ilibe njira yosamutsira kapangidwe yokha. Njira yogwiritsira ntchito pamanja imapatsa malo olakwika, kaya ndi cholakwika chamkati kapena kufotokozera kapangidwe ndi kusintha kwa unyolo wopereka.
Kuwonjezera pa kapangidwe kake, Quality 4.0 imagwiritsanso ntchito kuphunzira kwa makina koyang'ana kwambiri njira zochepetsera zinyalala, kuchepetsa kukonzanso, ndikukonza magawo opanga. Kuphatikiza apo, imathetsanso mavuto a magwiridwe antchito azinthu ikaperekedwa, imagwiritsa ntchito mayankho pamalopo kuti isinthe mapulogalamu azinthu patali, imasunga kukhutitsidwa kwa makasitomala, ndipo pamapeto pake imawonetsetsa kuti bizinesiyo ibwerezabwereza. Ikukhala bwenzi losagwirizana ndi Industry 4.0.
Komabe, khalidwe silikugwira ntchito pa maulalo osankhidwa opangira zinthu zokha. Kuphatikiza kwa Quality 4.0 kungapangitse njira yokwanira yopangira zinthu kukhala yabwino m'mabungwe opanga zinthu, zomwe zimapangitsa mphamvu yosintha deta kukhala gawo lofunika kwambiri pakuganiza kwa makampani. Kutsatira malamulo m'magawo onse a bungwe kumathandizira pakupanga chikhalidwe cha khalidwe lonse.
Palibe njira yopangira yomwe ingayende bwino nthawi zonse. Kusintha kwa zinthu kumayambitsa zochitika zosayembekezereka zomwe zimafuna kukonzedwanso. Anthu omwe ali ndi chidziwitso pa khalidwe amamvetsetsa kuti zonse ndi za njira yopitira patsogolo kupita ku ungwiro. Kodi mumaonetsetsa bwanji kuti khalidwe laphatikizidwa mu ndondomekoyi kuti mupeze mavuto mwamsanga momwe mungathere? Mudzachita chiyani mukapeza cholakwikacho? Kodi pali zinthu zina zakunja zomwe zimayambitsa vutoli? Ndi kusintha kotani komwe mungapange pa dongosolo lowunikira kapena njira yoyesera kuti vutoli lisachitikenso?
Khazikitsani malingaliro akuti njira iliyonse yopangira zinthu ili ndi njira yogwirizana komanso yogwirizana. Tangoganizirani za tsogolo lomwe pali ubale wa munthu ndi munthu ndipo nthawi zonse muyese ubwino. Kaya chichitike ndi chiyani mwachisawawa, ubwino wangwiro ukhoza kupezedwa. Malo aliwonse ogwirira ntchito amawunikanso zizindikiro ndi zizindikiro zazikulu zogwirira ntchito (KPIs) tsiku lililonse kuti adziwe madera omwe angawongolere mavuto asanachitike.
Mu dongosolo lotsekedwa ili, njira iliyonse yopangira ili ndi lingaliro la khalidwe, lomwe limapereka ndemanga kuti liyimitse njirayi, kulola njirayi kupitilira, kapena kusintha nthawi yeniyeni. Dongosolo silikhudzidwa ndi kutopa kapena zolakwa za anthu. Dongosolo lotsekedwa la khalidwe lopangidwira kupanga ndege ndilofunikira kuti likwaniritse milingo yapamwamba, kufupikitsa nthawi yozungulira, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zikutsatira miyezo ya AS9100.
Zaka khumi zapitazo, lingaliro loyang'ana QA pa kapangidwe ka zinthu, kafukufuku wamsika, ogulitsa, ntchito za zinthu, kapena zinthu zina zomwe zimakhudza kukhutitsidwa kwa makasitomala silinali lotheka. Kapangidwe ka zinthu kamadziwika kuti kamachokera kwa akuluakulu apamwamba; khalidwe limakhala lokhudza kuchita mapangidwe awa pamzere wolumikizira, mosasamala kanthu za zofooka zawo.
Masiku ano, makampani ambiri akuganiziranso momwe angachitire bizinesi. Zomwe zinalipo mu 2018 mwina sizingatheke. Opanga ambiri akukhala anzeru komanso anzeru. Chidziwitso chochulukirapo chikupezeka, zomwe zikutanthauza nzeru zabwino zopangira chinthu choyenera nthawi yoyamba, ndi magwiridwe antchito apamwamba komanso ogwira ntchito bwino.