Malinga ndi SmarTech, kampani yopanga upangiri waukadaulo, ndege ndi yachiwiri yayikulu kwambiri yogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zopangira zowonjezera (AM), yachiwiri kwamankhwala.Komabe, padakalibe kusowa kwa chidziwitso cha kuthekera kopanga zowonjezera zopangira zida za ceramic popanga mwachangu zida zamlengalenga, kusinthasintha kowonjezereka komanso kutsika mtengo.AM imatha kupanga ziwiya za ceramic zolimba komanso zopepuka mwachangu komanso zochepetsera ndalama zogwirira ntchito, kuchepetsa kusanja pamanja, ndikuwongolera magwiridwe antchito ndi mapangidwe opangidwa ndi ma modeling, potero amachepetsa kulemera kwa ndege.Kuphatikiza apo, ukadaulo wowonjezera wopangira ceramic umapereka chiwongolero cha magawo omalizidwa pazinthu zazing'ono kuposa ma microns 100.
Komabe, mawu akuti ceramic angatanthauze malingaliro olakwika a brittleness.M'malo mwake, zida za ceramic zopangidwa ndi zowonjezera zimapanga zopepuka, zowoneka bwino zokhala ndi mphamvu zamapangidwe, kulimba, komanso kukana kutentha kwakukulu.Makampani omwe amayang'ana kutsogolo akutembenukira kuzinthu zopangira ceramic, kuphatikiza ma nozzles ndi ma propellers, insulators zamagetsi ndi masamba a turbine.
Mwachitsanzo, aluminiyamu yoyera kwambiri imakhala ndi kuuma kwakukulu, ndipo imakhala ndi kukana kwamphamvu kwa dzimbiri komanso kutentha.Zinthu zopangidwa ndi aluminiyamu zimatetezanso magetsi pa kutentha kwakukulu komwe kumachitika muzamlengalenga.
Zirconia-based ceramics amatha kukumana ndi ntchito zambiri zokhala ndi zofunikira kwambiri komanso kupsinjika kwamakina, monga kuumba kwachitsulo chapamwamba, ma valve ndi ma bere.Ma silicon nitride ceramics ali ndi mphamvu zambiri, kulimba kwambiri komanso kukana kugwedezeka kwamphamvu kwamafuta, komanso kukana kwamankhwala kumatenda amitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zidulo, alkali ndi zitsulo zosungunuka.Silicon nitride imagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira ma insulators, ma impellers, ndi tinyanga tating'ono tating'ono ta dielectric.
Zoumba za ceramic zimapereka zinthu zingapo zofunika.Makatani opangidwa ndi silicon ophatikizidwa ndi aluminiyamu ndi zircon atsimikizira kuti akuchita bwino popanga ma crystal castings a masamba a turbine.Izi zili choncho chifukwa maziko a ceramic opangidwa ndi zinthuzi amakhala ndi kutentha kochepa kwambiri mpaka 1,500 ° C, kutsekemera kwambiri, kukongola kwapamwamba kwambiri komanso kutuluka kwabwino.Kusindikiza ma cores kutha kupanga mapangidwe a turbine omwe amatha kupirira kutentha kwambiri komanso kukulitsa mphamvu ya injini.
Ndizodziwika bwino kuti jekeseni akamaumba kapena machining a ceramics ndizovuta kwambiri, ndipo Machining amapereka mwayi wochepa wa zigawo zomwe zimapangidwira.Zinthu monga makoma opyapyala ndizovuta kupanga makina.
Komabe, Lithoz amagwiritsa ntchito zida za ceramic (LCM) zopangidwa ndi lithography-based ceramic kupanga zowoneka bwino, zowoneka bwino za 3D ceramic zida.
Kuyambira pachitsanzo cha CAD, tsatanetsatane watsatanetsatane amasamutsidwa ku chosindikizira cha 3D.Kenako ikani ufa wa ceramic wopangidwa bwino pamwamba pa phula lowonekera.Malo omangira osunthika amamizidwa m'matope ndiyeno mosankha amawonekera ku kuwala kowoneka kuchokera pansi.Chithunzi chosanjikiza chimapangidwa ndi kachipangizo kakang'ono kakang'ono ka digito (DMD) kophatikizidwa ndi dongosolo lowonera.Pobwereza ndondomekoyi, gawo lobiriwira lamitundu itatu likhoza kupangidwa wosanjikiza ndi wosanjikiza.Pambuyo pa kutentha kwapambuyo, chomangiracho chimachotsedwa ndipo mbali zobiriwira zimaphatikizidwa ndi njira yapadera yotenthetsera-kuti apange gawo la ceramic lolimba kwambiri lomwe lili ndi makina abwino kwambiri komanso mawonekedwe apamwamba.
Ukadaulo wa LCM umapereka njira yaukadaulo, yotsika mtengo komanso yachangu yopangira ndalama zopangira zida za injini ya turbine-kudutsa kupanga nkhungu zodula komanso zovutirapo zomwe zimafunikira pakuumba jekeseni ndikutaya sera.
LCM ingathenso kukwaniritsa mapangidwe omwe sangathe kutheka ndi njira zina, pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zochepa kwambiri kuposa njira zina.
Ngakhale kuthekera kwakukulu kwa zida za ceramic ndi ukadaulo wa LCM, pakadali kusiyana pakati pa opanga zida zoyambira za AM (OEM) ndi opanga zakuthambo.
Chifukwa chimodzi chingakhale kukana njira zopangira zatsopano m'mafakitale omwe ali ndi chitetezo chokhwima komanso zofunikira zamtundu.Kupanga zakuthambo kumafuna njira zambiri zotsimikizira ndi zoyenerera, komanso kuyesa kosamalitsa komanso kosamalitsa.
Cholepheretsa chinanso ndi kukhulupirira kuti kusindikiza kwa 3D ndikoyenera kutengera nthawi imodzi mwachangu, osati chilichonse chomwe chingagwiritsidwe ntchito mlengalenga.Apanso, uku ndikusamvetsetsana, ndipo zida za ceramic zosindikizidwa za 3D zatsimikiziridwa kuti zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zambiri.
Chitsanzo ndi kupanga ma turbine blades, pomwe njira ya AM ceramic imapanga ma cores a crystal (SX) amodzi, komanso mayendedwe olimba (DS) ndi masamba a equiaxed casting (EX) superalloy turbine blades.Miyendo yokhala ndi nthambi zanthambi zovuta, makoma angapo ndi m'mphepete mwake osakwana 200μm amatha kupangidwa mwachangu komanso mwachuma, ndipo zigawo zomaliza zimakhala zolondola mokhazikika komanso zomaliza bwino kwambiri.
Kupititsa patsogolo kuyankhulana kumatha kubweretsa okonza zakuthambo ndi AM OEMs ndikukhulupirira kwathunthu zida za ceramic zopangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito LCM ndi matekinoloje ena.Tekinoloje ndi ukatswiri zilipo.Iyenera kusintha kaganizidwe ka AM pa R&D ndi prototyping, ndikuwona ngati njira yopititsira patsogolo ntchito zazikulu zamalonda.
Kuphatikiza pa maphunziro, makampani opanga ndege amathanso kuyika nthawi pazantchito, uinjiniya, ndi kuyesa.Opanga ayenera kudziwa bwino miyezo ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zowunika zoumba, osati zitsulo.Mwachitsanzo, Miyezo iwiri yayikulu ya Lithoz ya ASTM yopangira zida zadothi ndi ASTM C1161 poyesa mphamvu ndi ASTM C1421 pakuyesa kulimba.Miyezo iyi imagwira ntchito pazitsulo za ceramic zopangidwa ndi njira zonse.Popanga zowonjezera za ceramic, sitepe yosindikiza ndi njira yopangira, ndipo mbalizo zimadutsa mumtundu womwewo wa sintering monga zoumba zachikhalidwe.Choncho, microstructure ya zigawo za ceramic zidzakhala zofanana kwambiri ndi makina ochiritsira.
Kutengera kupita patsogolo kosalekeza kwa zida ndiukadaulo, titha kunena molimba mtima kuti opanga apeza zambiri.Zida zatsopano za ceramic zidzapangidwa ndikusinthidwa malinga ndi zofunikira zaumisiri.Magawo opangidwa ndi ma ceramics a AM amaliza ntchito yotsimikizira kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito muzamlengalenga.Ndipo adzapereka zida zopangira zabwinoko, monga mapulogalamu otsogola bwino.
Pogwirizana ndi akatswiri aukadaulo a LCM, makampani apamlengalenga amatha kuyambitsa njira za AM ceramic mkati-kufupikitsa nthawi, kuchepetsa ndalama, ndikupanga mwayi wopanga nzeru zamakampani.Poganizira zam'tsogolo komanso kukonzekera kwanthawi yayitali, makampani opanga ndege omwe amagulitsa ukadaulo wa ceramic amatha kupeza phindu lalikulu pantchito yawo yonse yopanga zaka khumi zikubwerazi ndi kupitirira apo.
Pokhazikitsa mgwirizano ndi AM Ceramics, opanga zida zoyambira zakuthambo adzatulutsa zida zomwe poyamba zinali zosayerekezeka.
About the author: Shawn Allan is the vice president of additive manufacturing expert Lithoz. You can contact him at sallan@lithoz-america.com.
Shawn Allan alankhula za zovuta zofotokozera bwino zaubwino wopanga zowonjezera za ceramic pa Ceramics Expo ku Cleveland, Ohio pa Seputembara 1, 2021.
Ngakhale kuti chitukuko cha machitidwe oyendetsa ndege a hypersonic chakhalapo kwa zaka zambiri, tsopano chakhala chofunika kwambiri pa chitetezo cha dziko la US, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ntchitoyi ikhale yowonjezereka komanso kusintha.Monga gawo lapadera la magawo osiyanasiyana, vuto ndilopeza akatswiri omwe ali ndi luso lofunikira kuti apititse patsogolo chitukuko chake.Komabe, pakapanda akatswiri okwanira, zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kusiyana kwatsopano, monga kuyika kamangidwe ka kupanga (DFM) koyamba mu gawo la R&D, ndiyeno kusandulika kukhala kusiyana kwa kupanga nthawi yayitali kuti isinthe zotsika mtengo .
Mgwirizano, monga University Alliance for Applied Hypersonics (UCAH) yomwe yangokhazikitsidwa kumene, imapereka malo ofunikira kuti akweze maluso ofunikira kuti apititse patsogolo ntchitoyi.Ophunzira amatha kugwira ntchito mwachindunji ndi ofufuza aku yunivesite ndi akatswiri amakampani kuti apange ukadaulo ndikupititsa patsogolo kafukufuku wovuta wa hypersonic.
Ngakhale UCAH ndi mabungwe ena achitetezo adaloleza mamembala kuti agwire ntchito zosiyanasiyana zauinjiniya, ntchito yochulukirapo iyenera kuchitidwa kuti akhazikitse maluso osiyanasiyana komanso odziwa zambiri, kuyambira pakupanga kupita ku chitukuko cha zinthu ndi kusankha kupita ku zokambirana zopanga.
Kuti apereke phindu losatha pantchitoyo, mgwirizano wapayunivesite uyenera kupangitsa chitukuko cha ogwira ntchito kukhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pogwirizana ndi zosowa zamakampani, kuphatikiza mamembala pazofufuza zoyenera zamakampani, ndikuyika ndalama mu pulogalamuyi.
Mukasintha ukadaulo wa hypersonic kukhala ma projekiti akuluakulu opangidwa, kusiyana komwe kulipo kwaukadaulo ndi luso lantchito ndiye vuto lalikulu.Ngati kufufuza koyambirira sikudutsa chigwa chotchedwa chigwa cha imfa—mpata pakati pa R&D ndi kupanga, ndi mapulojekiti ambiri ofunitsitsa alephera — ndiye kuti tataya yankho loyenera komanso lotheka.
Makampani opanga zinthu ku US amatha kufulumizitsa liwiro lapamwamba kwambiri, koma chiopsezo chobwerera kumbuyo ndikukulitsa kukula kwa anthu ogwira ntchito kuti agwirizane.Choncho, boma ndi mayunivesite chitukuko consortia ayenera kugwirizana ndi opanga kuti agwiritse ntchito ndondomekoyi.
Makampaniwa akumana ndi mipata yamaluso kuyambira pamisonkhano yopangira zinthu mpaka kumalo opangira uinjiniya - mipata iyi ingokulirakulira pamene msika wa hypersonic ukukula.Tekinoloje yomwe ikubwera imafunikira anthu ogwira ntchito omwe akubwera kuti awonjezere chidziwitso m'munda.
Ntchito ya Hypersonic imatenga magawo angapo ofunikira azinthu zosiyanasiyana, ndipo dera lililonse limakhala ndi zovuta zake.Amafunikira chidziwitso chatsatanetsatane, ndipo ngati luso lofunikira palibe, izi zitha kulepheretsa chitukuko ndi kupanga.Ngati tilibe anthu okwanira oti tisungire ntchitoyo, sikudzakhala kotheka kuyenderana ndi kufunikira kwa ntchito yofulumira kwambiri.
Mwachitsanzo, timafunikira anthu omwe amatha kupanga chomaliza.UCAH ndi ma consortia ena ndizofunikira kulimbikitsa kupanga zamakono ndikuwonetsetsa kuti ophunzira omwe ali ndi chidwi ndi ntchito yopangira zinthu akuphatikizidwa.Kupyolera mu ntchito zosiyanasiyana zodzipatulira zachitukuko cha ogwira ntchito, makampaniwa azitha kukhalabe ndi mwayi wampikisano pamapulani a ndege a hypersonic m'zaka zingapo zikubwerazi.
Pokhazikitsa UCAH, Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo ikupanga mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito njira yowonjezera yomanga luso m'derali.Mamembala onse amgwirizano ayenera kugwirira ntchito limodzi kuphunzitsa luso la ophunzira kuti tithe kumanga ndi kusunga mphamvu ya kafukufuku ndikukulitsa kuti tipeze zotsatira zomwe dziko lathu likufuna.
Mgwirizano wa NASA Advanced Composites Alliance womwe watsekedwa tsopano ndi chitsanzo cha kuyesetsa kwachitukuko kwa ogwira ntchito.Kuchita bwino kwake ndichifukwa chophatikiza ntchito za R&D ndi zokonda zamakampani, zomwe zimalola kuti zatsopano zikule muzochitika zonse zachitukuko.Atsogoleri amakampani agwira ntchito mwachindunji ndi NASA ndi mayunivesite pama projekiti kwa zaka ziwiri kapena zinayi.Mamembala onse apanga chidziwitso ndi luso laukadaulo, adaphunzira kugwirira ntchito limodzi m'malo opanda mpikisano, ndikulera ophunzira aku koleji kuti atukuke kuti alimbikitse osewera ofunika kwambiri m'tsogolomu.
Mtundu uwu wa chitukuko cha anthu ogwira ntchito umadzaza mipata m'makampani ndipo umapereka mwayi kwa mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono kuti azitha kupanga zatsopano mwachangu ndikusintha magawo osiyanasiyana kuti akwaniritse kukula kwachitetezo cha dziko la US komanso chitetezo chachuma.
Mgwirizano wapayunivesite kuphatikiza UCAH ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri pantchito ya hypersonic ndi chitetezo.Ngakhale kuti kafukufuku wawo walimbikitsa zatsopano zomwe zikubwera, phindu lawo lalikulu lagona pakutha kuphunzitsa mbadwo wathu wotsatira wa ogwira ntchito.Consortium tsopano ikuyenera kuyika patsogolo ndalama mu mapulani otere.Pochita izi, angathandize kulimbikitsa kupambana kwanthawi yayitali kwa luso la hypersonic.
About the author: Kim Caldwell leads Spirit AeroSystems’ R&D program as a senior manager of portfolio strategy and collaborative R&D. In her role, Caldwell also manages relationships with defense and government organizations, universities, and original equipment manufacturers to further develop strategic initiatives to develop technologies that drive growth. You can contact her at kimberly.a.caldwell@spiritaero.com.
Opanga zinthu zovuta, zopangidwa mwaluso kwambiri (monga zida za ndege) amadzipereka kuchita bwino nthawi zonse.Palibe malo owongolera.
Chifukwa chakuti kupanga ndege kumakhala kovuta kwambiri, opanga ndege ayenera kuyang'anira bwino kayendetsedwe kake, kumvetsera kwambiri sitepe iliyonse.Izi zimafuna kumvetsetsa mozama za momwe mungayendetsere ndikusinthira kuzinthu zosinthika, zamtundu, chitetezo, ndi ma chain chain pokwaniritsa zofunikira.
Chifukwa zinthu zambiri zimakhudza kuperekedwa kwa zinthu zamtengo wapatali, zimakhala zovuta kuyang'anira zovuta komanso zosintha pafupipafupi.Ndondomeko yaubwino iyenera kukhala yosunthika m'mbali zonse zowunikira ndi kupanga, kupanga ndi kuyesa.Chifukwa cha njira za Industry 4.0 ndi njira zamakono zopangira, zovuta izi zakhala zosavuta kuziwongolera ndikuzigonjetsa.
Zomwe zimakonda kwambiri kupanga ndege nthawi zonse zimakhala pazinthu.Magwero amavuto apamwamba kwambiri amatha kukhala kuthyoka kwamphamvu, dzimbiri, kutopa kwachitsulo, kapena zinthu zina.Komabe, kupanga ndege masiku ano kumaphatikizapo matekinoloje apamwamba, opangidwa mwaluso kwambiri omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zida zolimbana ndi mphamvu.Kupanga zinthu kumagwiritsa ntchito njira zapadera komanso zovuta komanso machitidwe amagetsi.Mayankho a pulogalamu yoyendetsera ntchito zonse sangathenso kuthetsa mavuto ovuta kwambiri.
Zigawo zovuta kwambiri zitha kugulidwa kuchokera kuzinthu zapadziko lonse lapansi, kotero kuganizira kwambiri kuyenera kuphatikizidwa pakuphatikiza nthawi yonse ya msonkhano.Kusatsimikizika kumabweretsa zovuta zatsopano pakuwonetsetsa kwa chain chain ndi kasamalidwe kabwino.Kuwonetsetsa kuti magawo ambiri ndi zinthu zomalizidwa bwino amafunikira njira zabwino komanso zophatikizika.
Industry 4.0 ikuyimira chitukuko cha makampani opanga zinthu, ndipo matekinoloje apamwamba kwambiri amafunikira kuti akwaniritse zofunika kwambiri.Tekinoloje zothandizira zikuphatikiza Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), ulusi wa digito, augmented reality (AR), ndi zolosera zamtsogolo.
Quality 4.0 imafotokoza njira yopangira zinthu zoyendetsedwa ndi data zomwe zimakhudzana ndi zinthu, njira, kukonzekera, kutsatira ndi miyezo.Zimamangidwa m'malo mosintha njira zamakhalidwe abwino, pogwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje atsopano monga anzawo aku mafakitale, kuphatikiza kuphunzira pamakina, zida zolumikizidwa, makina apakompyuta, ndi mapasa a digito kuti asinthe kayendedwe ka bungwe ndikuchotsa zinthu zomwe zingatheke kapena njira Zowonongeka.Kutuluka kwa Quality 4.0 kukuyembekezeka kupititsa patsogolo chikhalidwe cha malo antchito powonjezera kudalira deta komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mozama ngati njira yopangira zinthu zonse.
Ubwino wa 4.0 umagwirizanitsa nkhani zogwirira ntchito ndi zotsimikizika (QA) kuyambira pachiyambi mpaka pamapangidwe.Izi zikuphatikizapo momwe mungaganizire ndi kupanga zinthu.Zotsatira za kafukufuku wamsika waposachedwa zikuwonetsa kuti misika yambiri ilibe njira yosinthira makina.Ndondomeko yamanja imasiya malo olakwika, kaya ndi zolakwika zamkati kapena kulankhulana ndi kusintha kwa chain chain.
Kuphatikiza pakupanga, Quality 4.0 imagwiritsanso ntchito kuphunzira pamakina okhazikika kuti muchepetse zinyalala, kuchepetsa kukonzanso, ndikuwongolera magawo opanga.Kuphatikiza apo, imathetsanso zovuta zogwirira ntchito pambuyo pobereka, imagwiritsa ntchito ndemanga zapatsamba kuti isinthe mapulogalamu amtundu wakutali, imasunga kukhutira kwamakasitomala, ndipo pamapeto pake imatsimikizira kubwereza bizinesi.Ikukhala bwenzi losasiyanitsidwa ndi Viwanda 4.0.
Komabe, khalidwe silimangogwira ntchito pazosankha zopangira.Kuphatikizika kwa Quality 4.0 kumatha kulimbikitsa njira yabwino kwambiri m'mabungwe opanga, kupangitsa mphamvu yosintha ya data kukhala gawo lofunikira lamalingaliro amakampani.Kutsata pamagulu onse a bungwe kumathandizira kuti pakhale chikhalidwe chabwino kwambiri.
Palibe njira yopangira yomwe ingayende bwino mu 100% ya nthawiyo.Kusintha kwazinthu kumayambitsa zochitika zosayembekezereka zomwe zimafunikira kukonzanso.Iwo omwe ali ndi chidziwitso mu khalidwe amamvetsa kuti zonsezi ndi njira yopita ku ungwiro.Kodi mumawonetsetsa bwanji kuti khalidweli likuphatikizidwa mu ndondomekoyi kuti muzindikire mavuto mwamsanga?Mutani mukapeza chilema?Kodi pali zinthu zakunja zomwe zikuyambitsa vutoli?Ndi zosintha ziti zomwe mungapange pa dongosolo loyendera kapena njira yoyesera kuti vutoli lisachitikenso?
Khazikitsani malingaliro oti njira iliyonse yopanga imakhala ndi njira yofananira komanso yofananira.Tangoganizirani za tsogolo lomwe pali ubale ndi m'modzi ndikuyesa khalidwe nthawi zonse.Ziribe kanthu zomwe zimachitika mwachisawawa, khalidwe langwiro likhoza kutheka.Malo aliwonse ogwira ntchito amawunikira zizindikiro ndi zizindikiro zazikulu za ntchito (KPIs) tsiku ndi tsiku kuti adziwe madera omwe angafunikire kusintha mavuto asanayambe.
Mu dongosolo lotsekedwa lotsekedwa, ndondomeko iliyonse yopangira imakhala ndi chidziwitso cha khalidwe, chomwe chimapereka ndemanga kuti asiye ndondomekoyi, kulola kuti ndondomekoyi ipitirire, kapena kusintha nthawi yeniyeni.Dongosolo silimakhudzidwa ndi kutopa kapena kulakwitsa kwamunthu.Dongosolo labwino lotsekeka lopangidwira kupanga ndege ndikofunikira kuti mukwaniritse milingo yapamwamba kwambiri, kufupikitsa nthawi yozungulira, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zikutsatira miyezo ya AS9100.
Zaka khumi zapitazo, lingaliro loyang'ana kwambiri QA pakupanga zinthu, kafukufuku wamsika, ogulitsa, ntchito zamalonda, kapena zinthu zina zomwe zimakhudza kukhutira kwamakasitomala zinali zosatheka.Mapangidwe azinthu amamveka kuti amachokera kuudindo wapamwamba;Ubwino ndi wokhudza kupanga mapangidwe awa pamzere wa msonkhano, mosasamala kanthu za zophophonya zawo.
Masiku ano, makampani ambiri akuganiziranso momwe angachitire bizinesi.Zomwe zili mu 2018 sizingakhalenso zotheka.Opanga ochulukirachulukira akukhala anzeru komanso anzeru.Kudziwa zambiri kulipo, zomwe zikutanthauza nzeru zabwino zopangira chinthu choyenera nthawi yoyamba, ndikuchita bwino kwambiri komanso kuchita bwino.